1. Remote Sensing in Support of NACP Jeffrey G. Masek Biospheric Sciences, NASA GSFC January 23, 2007

2. Introduction: Remote Sensing in the NACP Progress: Current activities and successes Gaps: What’s missing Outline

3. Reconcile (?) Atmospheric Transport Models CMDLOCOAircraft Land-Atmos C Flux Atmospheric (top down) BGC / Carbon Accounting Models Land-Atmos C Flux Satellite, Ecology, Inventory Data FluxNet Process Studies Process (bottom up) Land-Atmos C Flux Cal/Val Process Formulation Top Down / Bottom Up

4. CenturyDecadalAnnualHourlyMonthly Stress, LUE physiology Atmospheric CO2 transport CO2, CH4 sampling (OCO, A/C) Climate & Biophysics: VI, fPAR, LAI, Phytoplankton Tsurf, Freeze/thaw (MODIS, Seawifs, AVHRR…) Disturbance/ Land Use Change (Landsat) Biomass/Carbon Stocks (MODIS, SAR, GLAS) Ecosystem Disturbance Interannual climate Forest recovery Biome migration Flux tower observations NPP, NEP diagnostic modeling NPP, NEP prognostic modeling Timescales of NACP

5. Progress to Date 5-10 years of EOS products, 26+ years of AVHRR, 35 years of Landsat data available New products to support continental BGC modeling * Disturbance (Landast/MODIS; Goward, Masek, Townsend) * Freeze-thaw dynamics (SeaWinds; McDonald) * Northern Wetlands (JERS, Moghaddam) * Biomass (JERS, MODIS, GLAS; Saatchi, Kellendorfer) * Crop Type (AWIFS; NASS) * Fire Emissions (Giglio) * Photosynthetically Active Radiation (MODIS, Liang) MODIS standard products becoming easier to use * ACCESS gap-filling, smoothing (Morisette) * DC-MAST (Cook) “Remote Sensing in NACP” Workshop, UMT, Aug 2004

6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 http://landweb.nascom.nasa.gov:8080/access.html Smoothed LAI (April 6, 2004) MODIS 4 NACP PI: Jeff Morisette, NASA GSFC Orig. MODIS LAI (black = missing) (April 6, 2004) Providing value-added MODIS data product to NACP investigators, including: - Reprojecting - Reformatting - Subsetting - Mosaicing - Stacking data through time - Updates for Collection 5 when available - Gap filling in both space and time Poster B.37 provides an update for this project

7. Average of 49 1 km pixels Center pixel with Flux Tower Walker Branch Watershed MOD15A2TIMESAT Smoothed Integration with ORNL DAAC visualization From http://www.daac.ornl.gov/MODIS/modis.html

8. 0>2.0 %disturbed / yr Forest Disturbance LEDAPS Project PI: Jeff Masek (NASA GSFC) NACP Data Cubes PI: Samuel Goward (UMD) Landsat-based records of North American forest disturbance

9. Landsat mapped forest change between 1987 and 2005 in western Oregon (Goward/Huang, UMD)

10. North American Biomass J. Kellendorfer, WHOI

11. S. Saatchi (JPL) - Forest Woody Biomass Carbon Estimates of North America from Synergistic Analysis of MODIS, MISR, and JERS Data in Support of the North American Carbon Program North American Biomass

12. NACP process studies integrating remote sensing * AVHRR greenness trends (Tucker) * Soil freeze/thaw dynamics (Zhang) * Plant community mapping (Chopping) * Woody encroachment and grazing (Asner) * Boreal fire disturbance and succession (Kasischke) * Photochemistry of coastal DOC (Miller) …. and many more Current Activities (cont’d) New algorithms for biophysical variables * Evapotranspiration (Ustin) * Light-Use Efficiency (Middleton) * Crop GPP (Gitelson) * Coastal pCO2 (Hales)

13. Average of all MODIS SST and Chl, all Quickscat wind stress magnitude for NA west coast, 0.25° resolution (Burke Hales, OSU) SSTChl  x+y Remote Sensing Coastal pCO2

16. Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) * NASA ESSP mission, JPL lead * passive, global column CO2 * 2008 launch Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) * NASA/USGS mission, GSFC lead * RFP released January 10, 2007 * continues 30m, multispectral heritage * 2011 target launch date ?? Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) * NOAA/NASA/DOD instrument, IPO lead * continues global capabilities of AVHRR, MODIS * will fly aboard NPP and NPOESS missions * 2009 launch (NPP) New Remote Sensing Missions

17. Declining EO Capabilities

18. NRC Decadal Survey Priority Missions

19. What’s Missing? 3. Support for “20-year time series” of measurements * multi-instrument ESDR’s … coordination with NACP? * need for annual Landsat land cover, disturbance, crops * future data continuity (VIIRS, LDCM, etc) 1. Some useful information products for biogeochemical modeling are still missing * Evapotranspiration, LUE (MODIS, Seawifs) * Wetland extent, type, dynamics (SAR, MODIS, Landsat) * Woody encroachment (Landsat, air photo, hyperspectral) * Agricultural crop type (MODIS, Landsat) * Permafrost / Arctic hydrology (SAR, MODIS) * Foliar nitrogen (Hyperion) 2.Bridging the gap between algorithm development and continental products to support models

20. What’s Missing? (cont’d) 4.Analysis of error propagation – from remote sensing measurements to modeled fluxes * Model intercomparisons at NEP level? 5. Understanding RS-detected trends and patterns in terms of underlying biology 6.Community familiarity with OCO products, and how to use them within NACP context 7. New models that capitalize on the current range of RS products – not just NDVI

21. Conclusions Remote Sensing essential for overarching NACP goal of continental carbon fluxes and attribution Considerable progress since 2004 U. Montana workshop on - data access - product formats and usability - carbon information needs from RS Need to identify and prioritize the next set of RS activities to support NACP

22. Backup

23. NACP-Related Datasets for Driving Carbon Calculations Kevin Gurney (CSU) High-Resolution Fossil Fuel Emission Estimates in Support of NACP CO2 Measurements and Assimilation System Fossil Fuel Emissions, NOx, SOx Goward, Samuel (UMD) North American Forest Distrubance and Regrowth since 1972: Empeirical Assessment with Field Measurements and Satellite Remotely Sensing Observations Forest Disturbance Jeff Masek (GSFC) A Community-Driven, North American Disturbance Record and Processing System for Land Satellite Data Forest Disturbance Sassan Saatchi (JPL) Forest Woody Biomass Carbon Estimates of North America from Synergistic Analysis of MODIS, MISR, and JERS Data in Support of the North American Carbon Program Biomass Josef Kellendorfer (WHI) The National Biomass and Carbon Dataset 2000 Biomass Kyle McDonald (JPL) Satellite Monitoring of Landscape Freeze-Thaw State and Associated Constraints to the North American Carbon Budget Freeze-thaw area/timing Jeff Morisette (GSFC) Improving Access to Land and Atmosphere science products from Earth Observing Satellites: Helping NACP Investigators Better Utilize MODIS Data Products Data Preparation, Format, Distribution James Randerson (CalTech) Using Satellite and Inverse Techniques to Constrain Regional and Global Fire Emissions from 1997 to 2005: An Approach Based on the Carbon Isotope Ratio of Fire Emissions Biomass burning