1. Life in a Four percent Universe Dr. C.P. Girijavallabhan Professor Emeritus International School of Photonics CUSAT

2. Our Changing Views of the Universe  Ptolemaic System till 16 th century  Galileo and the telescope (1609)  The Copernican revolution  Kepler’s laws and Newton’s theories  Birth and death of stars and galaxies  Hubble’s law and the expanding universe  The Big Bang and the origin

3. 20 th Century Astronomy Astronomy made an exact science Edwin Hubble and Hubble’s Law Stellar dynamics and S. Chandrasekhar Bing Bang Hypothesis- Dicke, Jim Peeble Penzias and Wilson- 3.5K CMB Gamow, Fritz Zwicky – Galactic rotation Vera Rubin and Kent Ford

4. Edwin Hubble- Father of modern astronomy

5. Mount Wilson 100” telescope used by Hubble

6. New Age Astronomy and Astrophysics Exploration of Space The Hubble Space Telescope COBE satellite Super Novae as standard candle High Z supernova observations Saul -Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt & Adam Riess and Nobel Prize 2011 Accelerating expansion and dark energy

7. Roational Anomaly of Galaxies Vera Rubin

8. Variation of planetary velocities in solar system

9. Measurement of speed of rotation of Galaxies: Doppler effect

10. A cooled Si detector chip for image enhancement

11. Andromeda Galaxy NGC 4414

12. Speed of rotation of Galaxy perpendicular to axis

13. Gravitational lensing effect

15. Bullet Cluster- picture of colliding Galaxies

16. Dark matter pervades the space between Galaxies

17. Dark matter in pink colour

18. Anisotropy in microwave background: COBE satellite result

19. Type Ia Supernova Light curve

20. 1987a Supernova

21. 1987a Supernova deep field view

22. 2012 Nobel Prize winners in Physics

23. Supernova in large Megallenic cloud

24. Supernovae against the back ground of Galaxies

25. Supernova X-ray picture

26. Supernova 1994 D

27. Velocity vs distance for faraway nebula 1 parsec= 3.6 light years

28. Type Ia supernova data

29. Distribution of Dark and ordinary matter in the Universe

30. Unresolved Questions Gravity –where does it come from? How can it be made compatible with quantum field theory? How do the laws of universe originate? Laws first or matter first? What is time? Is it real or a myth? How does consciousness arise in unconscious matter? Is it all real or simply a dream?