1. Revolutions of 1848 Ferdinand I, Metternich, Louis Philippe, Frederick William IV, Ludwig I of Bavaria

2. o Although Sicily was the first state to experience revolutionary turmoil in 1848 (Jan.), it was the outbreak of violence in Paris in Feb. which set the ball in motion in the rest of Europe. o French Revolution: The revolutions of 1848 had their origin in the industrial and agricultural depression of 1845-47 and in the intellectual ferment associated with the ideas of “liberalism” and “nationalism.” By the end of 1847 one-third of the workers in Paris were unemployed. o Thiers leads opposition against Guizot’s policies o Gov’t. ban on political rallies (disguised as “banquets”) ignored o Casualties suffered; barricades go up o Louis-Philippe abdicates February 24, 1848 Revolutions of 1848

3. o Provisional republican government proclaimed in the offices of two newspapers; poet Lamartine and Louis Blanc are two leaders o National “workshops” established; 120,000 signed up by June o April parliamentary elections based on universal manhood suffrage o electorate increased from 200,000 to 9,000,000 o returns conservative majority: 500 moderate republicans, 300 monarchists, 100 radicals o suppresses coup attempt and abolishes workshops o “June days” o 4 days of bitter street fighting leave c. 4,500 dead and 5,500 wounded o c. 12, 000 arrested; 4,500 deported to Algeria o General Cavaignac given near-dictatorial powers until elections could be held Revolutions of 1848

4. o Emergence of Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte o son of Napoleon’s brother o educated in Germany o involved in secret societies in Italy o arrested and exiled to U.S. for treason in 1836 o arrested for treason in 1840; sentenced to life in prison o escaped and fled to England in 1846 o returned to Paris after Feb. Revolt, elected to Assembly in April o elected President of 2 nd Republic in Dec. by vote of c. 5,400,000 to c. 1,500,000 for Gen. Cavaignac, to c. 18,000 for Lamartine Revolutions of 1848

5. o Napoleon not really committed to republic/even saw his vote as repudiation of it o Elections of May, 1849 further erode republican support; only 1/3 rd of deputies were strongly republican o French intervention in Papal States triggers republican rioting and resulting Red Fear o curbs on freedom of press o curbs on political clubs/associations o outlaw secret societies o Left embittered; deep division in French political life o Moderate/conservative dominated Assembly abolishes universal suffrage in 1850 Revolutions of 1848

6. o Creation of strong executive power in republic’s constitution, but a single 4 year term limit imposed on President o Louis Napoleon’s efforts to amend constitution in 1851 unsuccessful o “coup” of Dec. 1851 to proclaim himself President for life o Second “coup” of Dec. 1852 proclaims 2 nd French Empire headed by Napoleon III Revolutions of 1848

7. German States: Liberalism and Nationalism The news of the revolt in Paris gave strength in “Germany” to both the handicraft workers who wrecked machines and factories and the peasants who burned and looted the homes of the nobility. Several German princes responded by offering liberal reforms including constitutions. This was the case in Baden, Saxony, Wurttemberg. Several German princes responded by offering liberal reforms including constitutions. This was the case in Baden, Saxony, and Wurttemberg. In Prussia, King Frederick William IV (1840-1861) agreed in 1848 to establish a constitution and work for a united Germany after violence exploded in Berlin. A constituent assembly was formed but by early 1849 the king disbanded it, granting a conservative constitution and reasserting rule by divine right

8. German States: Frankfurt Assembly: Meanwhile, more than 800 self- appointed German delegates met in Frankfurt, the seat of the German Confederation, to write a federal constitution for a unified Germany. When the crown was offered Frederick William, he turned it down.

9. Austrian Empire Metternich’s government had to contend with both liberal and nationalist demands from various segments of the empire. Metternich’s government had to contend with both liberal and nationalist demands from various segments of the empire. Demonstrations broke out in Vienna, Prague, and Budapest in March 1848. Demonstrations broke out in Vienna, Prague, and Budapest in March 1848. Metternich flees Vienna; Ferdinand later abdicates Metternich flees Vienna; Ferdinand later abdicates Franz Joseph comes to throne Franz Joseph comes to throne

10. Austrian Empire Nationalism triumphant (briefly) Nationalism triumphant (briefly) Czechs, Poles, Croats, Serbs, and Romanians all demand separate parliaments Czechs, Poles, Croats, Serbs, and Romanians all demand separate parliaments Repression begins by June Repression begins by June Hungarians declare independent republic Hungarians declare independent republic Lajos Kossuth (1802-94) Lajos Kossuth (1802-94) Hungarian Republic crushed with aid of 140,000 Russians in 1849 Hungarian Republic crushed with aid of 140,000 Russians in 1849 Kossuth fled, eventually to the U.S. Kossuth fled, eventually to the U.S.

11. Camillo di Cavour Italian States Young Italy Young Italy Guiseppi Mazzini (1805-1872) Guiseppi Mazzini (1805-1872) sought unified republic and the expulsion of the Austrians sought unified republic and the expulsion of the Austrians Risorgimento (Resurgence) Risorgimento (Resurgence) In 1848 liberal rebellions spread north from Sicily to Papal States, Tuscany, Piedmont; Constitutions promised or granted In 1848 liberal rebellions spread north from Sicily to Papal States, Tuscany, Piedmont; Constitutions promised or granted

12. Italian States Anti-Austrian revolts in Milan (Lombardy) and Venice in response to events in Vienna Anti-Austrian revolts in Milan (Lombardy) and Venice in response to events in Vienna Independent republics proclaimed Independent republics proclaimed Piedmont-Sardinian King Charles Albert mounts effort to unify north but unable to keep support of Pope and Ferdinand II of Sicily Piedmont-Sardinian King Charles Albert mounts effort to unify north but unable to keep support of Pope and Ferdinand II of Sicily Pope’s scruples Pope’s scruples Initial success in plebescites and annexations raises fears of Piedmont’s intentions Initial success in plebescites and annexations raises fears of Piedmont’s intentions Austria re-asserts control by 1849 Austria re-asserts control by 1849 Pius IX King Charles Albert

13. Italian States Roman Republic proclaimed Pope Pius IX makes liberal reforms Losses support of radicals by refusal to support unification efforts Assassination of P.M.; Pius flees to Naples – Nov. 1848 republic proclaimed – Feb., 1849; Mazzini, Garibaldi French intervention destroys republic; restores pope – July, 1849 Mazzini flees to Italian part of Switz.; Garibaldi flees to U.S.