1. Chapter 2 Constitutional Underpinnings

2. The Agenda in Philadelphia Revise the Articles of Confederation Gentlemen in Philadelphia – 55 men from 12 of the 13 states – Mostly wealthy planters & merchants – Most were college graduates with some political experience – Many were coastal residents from the larger cities, not the rural areas Issues – Equality- (voting left to the states) – Economic – Individual Rights

3. Equality Issues: Representation

4. Equality Issues: Slavery

5. Economic Issues States had tariffs on products from other states Paper money was basically worthless Congress couldn’t raise money Actions taken: – Powers of Congress to be strengthened – Powers of states to be limited

6. Individual Rights Issues Some were written into the Constitution: – Prohibits suspension of writ of habeas corpus – No bills of attainder – No ex post facto laws – Religious qualifications for holding office prohibited – Strict rules of evidence for conviction of treason – Right to trial by jury in criminal cases Some were not specified – Freedom of speech and expression – Rights of the accused

7. The Madisonian Model James Madison- Father of the Constitution To prevent a tyranny of the majority, Madison proposed a government of: – Limiting Majority Control – Separating Powers – Creating Checks and Balances – Establishing a Federal System

8. The Madisonian Model

9. The Madisonian Model: Checks & Balances

10. The Madisonian Model The Constitutional Republic – Republic: A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws Ratification of the Constitution – The document was approved, but not unanimously. Now it had to be ratified. – Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

11. Federalist Papers Essays written advocating for ratification of the Constitution The authors used the pseudonym "Publius” Hamilton, Madison, and Jay

12. Federalist Papers cont. Federalist #10 – addresses the question of how to guard against "factions," or groups of citizens, with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community Federalist #39 – redefines the term "republic“ Federalist #51 – addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government

13. Ratifying the Constitution

14. Formal Amending of the Constitution Federal+State