1. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Section 1: Terms and People republic – a government in which the people elect their representatives unicameral legislature – a lawmaking body with a single house whose representatives are elected by the people bicameral legislature – a lawmaking body with two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives Articles of Confederation – the original federal constitution drafted by the Continental Congress

2. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Terms and People (continued) John Dickinson – a member of the Continental Congress and leader of the committee that wrote The Articles of Confederation federal – national Northwest Territory – vast territory north of Ohio and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi River, which was key to expanding the republic Land Ordinance of 1785 – plan to dispense and distribute public land in the Northwest Territory

3. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Terms and People (continued) Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – plan for governing and creating new states carved out of the Northwest Territory Shays’ Rebellion – an uprising of armed farmers marching on a federal arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts, in protest against higher taxes

4. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Congress encouraged the former colonies to create state constitutions. Patriots disagreed over the design of these republics, especially over how much power to give the common people. Although state constitutions varied, each provided for a republic where people voted for their representatives.

5. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States weak state governments with most of their power in a popularly elected legislature. unicameral or one house legislature with either a weak governor or none at all. a large House of Representatives with small districts so that the people had more control. Democratic Patriots like Thomas Paine wanted more power for common people. They favored:

6. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States a governor with broad powers. bicameral legislature, with two houses. an upper house or senate made up of wealthy, well- educated gentlemen who would balance a lower house elected by the common people. Conservative Patriots like John Adams feared giving power to the common people. They favored:

7. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States This first national constitution created a loose confederation or league of states in 1777. Congress drafted the Articles under John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. Congress’s power was limited to prevent the problems experienced under Britain. The Articles of Confederation was created by the Continental Congress.

8. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Congress implemented and enforced laws. Executive power was shared by committees. Each state had one vote in Congress. Minor issues were passed by a simple majority. Major issues, like declaring war, required 9 states. Amendments to the Articles required the agreement of all 13 states. With the Articles, government power was limited.

9. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Congress had a limited role. There was also no federal court system. Congress could:Congress could not: Declare war or conduct foreign policy. Tax Administer relations with Indian nations. Regulate commerce between states or states and foreign nations

10. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Articles created a method to settle and govern the Northwest Territory.

11. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Surveyors divided the territory into a N-S and E-W grid to establish hundreds of townships. Each township was subdivided into one square mile (640 acre) squares to sell at $1 each. Many farmers couldn’t afford the $1 an acre, and some land speculators got special deals. The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a method to distribute public land.

12. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Land Ordinance of 1785 grid system is still evident today.

13. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a system to govern territories and create states. Congress established a territorial government and appointed a governor. Settlers were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and rights of common law. Once there were 5,000 men, an assembly could be elected. The appointed governor retained veto power. Once there were 60,000 residents, a territory could apply for statehood. Congress established a territorial government and appointed a governor. Settlers were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and rights of common law. Once there were 5,000 men, an assembly could be elected. The appointed governor retained veto power. Once there were 60,000 residents, a territory could apply for statehood. It abandoned the British model of keeping colonies permanently subordinate.

14. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Northwest Ordinance: barred slavery. required a republican constitution. promised settlers basic freedoms. ignored the rights of Native Americans. resulted in five new states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.

15. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Spain threatened to forbid the shipment of goods through New Orleans. Britain denied American ships access to the British West Indies and the right to export goods to Britain on American ships. Britain kept soldiers in frontier forts located in the Northwest Territory. European nations did not take the new nation seriously. Spain forbade American trade with New Orleans. Britain denied American ships access to the British West Indies and the right to export goods to Britain on American ships. Britain kept soldiers in frontier forts located in the Northwest Territory.

16. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Growing problems led to calls for a revision of the Articles of Confederation. The nation’s debt was mounting. The economic depression was deepening as debts, bankruptcies, and foreclosures grew. Shays’ Rebellion demonstrated the Federal government’s weakness. Foreign nations did not respect the United States.

17. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Terms and People Alexander Hamilton – New York delegate, favored strong central government James Madison – “Father of the Constitution,” proposed the Virginia Plan Virginia Plan – Madison’s proposal for a strong federal government divided power between executive, legislative, and judicial branches New Jersey Plan – William Paterson’s proposal for a unicameral legislature gave each state one vote and retained most features of the Articles of Confederation

18. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Terms and People (continued) Great Compromise – Roger Sherman’s proposal, which included a House based on population and a Senate with two votes per state federalism – a system that divides power between state governments and the federal government Three-Fifths Compromise – in return for Southern support of the Constitution, northerners agreed to count each slave as 3/5ths of a person for determining electoral votes and seats in Congress

19. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Alexander Hamilton advocated a powerful central government. Ben Franklin contributed experience, wisdom, and prestige. Framers of the Constitution

20. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Called the Father of the Constitution, James Madison already had a plan of government in mind. Called the Father of our Country, George Washington attracted crowds when he arrived in Philadelphia. Framers of the Constitution

21. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Hamilton and Madison emerged as leaders. Conservative; he feared too much democracy Favored a balance of aristocracy, monarchy, and republicanism Alexander Hamilton James Madison Favored a large republic with diverse interests to preserve the common good Favored a system where different interests would “check” each other’s power to ensure liberty

22. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States A strong federal government with power to tax, regulate commerce, and veto state laws A Senate and a House of Representatives, both based on population A strong President to command the military and manage foreign relations James Madison proposed his Virginia Plan:

23. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States An executive by committee rather than one leader A unicameral legislature with one vote per state regardless of population States retain sovereignty except for a few powers granted to the federal government William Patterson proposed the New Jersey Plan:

24. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Roger Sherman proposed The Great Compromise to break the impasse: Two Houses in Congress: The lower house was based on a state’s population. In the upper house, each state had two senators. A system of federalism: Power would be divided between the federal government and the states. Certain powers, such as issuing money, were forbidden to states.

25. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Southern states feared larger free states would dominate Congress and threaten slavery. They saw slavery as essential for their economy and demanded protections in the Constitution. Delegates from Georgia and South Carolina threatened to walk out. Slavery proved to be a divisive issue.

26. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States A slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in Congress and electoral votes for presidential elections. Importation of slaves could not be forbidden for twenty years. Northern states could not pass laws to help runaway slaves. Solution: Three-fifths Compromise

27. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Terms and People ratification – official approval Federalist – a person who favored ratification of the new Constitution of 1787 Antifederalist – a person who opposed ratification of the new Constitution The Federalist – a series of 85 essays, written primarily by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, that supported ratification (The Federalist Papers)

28. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Terms and People (continued) John Jay – contributed 5 essays to The Federalist arguing for a strong federal government Bill of Rights – the first 10 amendments to the Constitution guaranteeing individual rights popular sovereignty – the principle that all government power comes from the people limited government – where the powers of the government are specifically described and officials may not act above the law

29. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Terms and People (continued) separation of powers – where political power is specifically defined and divided between three branches of government checks and balances – a system in which each branch of government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two electoral college – a group of persons chosen from each state who then indirectly elect the president

30. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Federalists favored the Constitution. They stressed the weaknesses of the Articles. They argued that only the proposed Constitution could remedy these weaknesses. They were led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who, along with John Jay, published a series of essays called The Federalist.

31. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States In Federalist No.10 and Federalist No. 51, Madison argued that a strong national government and the Constitution’s system of checks and balances would strengthen liberty. In Federalist No. 78, Hamilton wrote of the importance of a judicial branch to protect liberty. A copy of The Federalist signed by George Washington

32. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States They feared a loss of liberties and distrusted the absence of a bill of rights. They feared concentration of power in a distant elite, believing instead that power should remain in democratically elected state governments. Leading Antifederalists included Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry. Antifederalists were opponents of ratification.

33. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States He used Virginia’s Bill of Rights as a model. Madison avoided any statements about equality that might offend the slave states. Ten amendments guaranteed individual freedoms. To prevent future abuse or limitations on freedom, any unmentioned rights were retained by the people. James Madison was assigned to create a Bill of Rights.

34. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Bill of Rights

35. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Constitution established a representative government based on six principles.