1. Concept of emission trading scheme for particulate matter and pilot studies in India
Mr. S. K. Sharma & Dr. D. Saha
&
Central Pollution Control Board
Delhi

2. Central Pollution Control Board: Mandate
MANDATE OF CPCB
Central Pollution Control Board: Mandate
Restoration of wholesomeness of Water Quality (The Water Act, 1974)
Maintenance and preservation of Ambient Air Quality (The Air Act, 1981)
Environment Protection and Waste Management (EPA, 1986 and related Rules)
Environmental Management and Planning.

3. Backup: Acts & Rules
1. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
2. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977
3. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
5. The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
6. Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999.
7. The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
8. The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000
9. The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
10. Environmental Impact Assessment,2006
11. The Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2008

4. Functions of CPCB (at national level)
Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of water and air pollution
Plan and execute nation‑wide pollution control programmes
Co-ordinate the activities of State Boards and Pollution Control Committees
Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards and PCCs
Carryout and sponsor investigation and research related to pollution control
Plan and organize training programmes
Organize mass awareness programmes
Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air pollution
Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of wastes
Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution
Lay down, modify, water and air quality standards
Perform such other functions as and when prescribed by the Government of India.

5. ROLE OF CPCB LEGAL/STATUTORY ROLE
Performing functions as per Section 16 of Water and Air Acts (a set of 16 functions)
Directions to SPCBs under Section 18(i)(b); and can take over functions of any SPCB in a given area for a specified time.
Issuance of directions (directly) to industries under Section 5 of EPA; and
Co-ordinating role under EPA 86 Rules 5

6. ADVISORY ROLE
To Central Govt. on matters pertaining to abatement of pollution.
Co-ordination under Bilateral/ multilateral agreements
R&D on thrust areas(Research Committee/ Linkages with R&D institution)
Advanced laboratory at Head Office and regular AQC for SPCBs and EPA Labs / Proficiency test
R & D 6

7. A collaborative pilot activity among:
Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Continuous Emissions Monitoring and Pilot Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) for Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources (Stack)
A collaborative pilot activity among:
Central Pollution Control Board
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

8. India’s growth miracle has improved the lives of millions of people BUT…
Nearly 1/3rd of India’s urban population lives in cities where ambient concentration of particulates exceeds the national standard of 60 μg/m3
Particulate air pollution clearly linked to health impacts and infant mortality
Essential to create regulation to allow sustainable development

9. Particulate Matter Pollution and Health Effects
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) pollution is a serious environmental problem in India
In 2007 National average SPM level: 207 µg/m 3
In 2007 NAAQS: 140 µg / m 3 for residential areas
In most large Indian cities violate NAAQS norms for RSPM are exceeded (60µg/m3)
SPM includes fine particles (< 10 µm) that are of concern
Chronic exposure raises the risk of cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease (bronchitis, asthma, and lung cancer)
There is no lower threshold below which exposure is harmless

10. Project Objectives

11. Anticipated / likely Benefits
Continuous Emissions Monitoring and Pilot Particulate Emissions Trading Scheme
Objectives of project
Anticipated / likely Benefits
Evaluate the benefits of continuous emissions monitoring technology to support existing regulation
Evaluate the benefits of innovative market based regulation such as emissions trading made possible by better monitoring
CEMS Benefits
Higher compliance
Reduced long term monitoring costs
High quality, real time emissions data
Emission Trading Benefits
Enables least cost pollution control
Greater transparency
Provides incentives for clean innovation

12. Project Structure

13. Project is divided into 3 phases
Project Phase Number
Name
Key Objectives I
Design Phase
Dialogue and concurrence
Initial Concept Note and Evaluation Design
Draft Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems and Data Acquisition and Handling Guidelines
Selection of pilot project areas and industry based on available data and objective selection criteria
Field Trials of Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) II
Baseline Survey
Baseline survey of industries
Analysis of data to estimate abatement costs, project benefits, health impacts, status of industry etc
CARE Center infrastructure in SPCBs
CEMS installation and evaluation
(CARE Center used to receive continuous emissions data from regulated industries)
III
Implementation Phase
Training and capacity building, SPCBs
Regulatory notification enabling trading on pilot basis
Concurrent evaluation and documentation of pilot

14. Phase
Activities
Design Phase
Understanding the activity
Identification of project sites, CEMS draft standards,
Data Transmission standards, Training and workshops
Synchronization
Baseline Phase
Baseline survey of industry and associated research
Care Center setup in SPCBs and CPCB
CEMs installation in industry and connection to CARE centers
ETS Implementation Phase
Implementation of pilot emissions trading regime and associated evaluation

15. CEMS Benefits and Evaluation Methodology

16. Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems
Manual Monitoring
CEMS provides constant real time data (graph on right compares manual monitoring over many months with CEMS from Tamil Nadu)
Greater transparency and enables scientific analysis using data generated
Reduction in regulatory cost by reducing need for frequent inspections
Better compliance by industry, and therefore lower emissions
CEMS Monitoring

17. Market-Based Environmental Regulation

18. Emissions trading pilot
Market-based Scheme Reduces Compliance Cost by Giving Industry More Flexibility in Abatement
Regulator
Regulator
Manual
Monitoring
(for compliance
to fixed standards)
Quantity
Standard
Setting &
Permit
Allocation
Continuous
Monitoring
(for compliance to
permit holdings)
Concentration
Standards
(150mg/Nm3)
Pollution Source
(Industry)
Pollution Source
(Industry)
Pollution Source
(Industry)
Permit
Trading
Current Regulations
Emissions trading pilot

19. Basic Methodology of Emission Trading Pilot
Industries selected based on fuel consumption (solid or liquid fuel) and location (by respective SPCBs based on suitability for pilot).
Industry stacks to be equipped with CEMS and emissions monitoring.
A cap will be set on total emissions load from all monitored point sources.
Industry may buy and sell permits with each other to emit specified mass of PM within a given period (one year)
Initial permits may be auctioned with rebate or given free
Both total cap and individual permits denominated in emissions load (mass based standard)

20. Emissions Trading Scheme Can Help Reduce Costs
Cuts compliance costs and costs.
Baseline survey to enable detailed modeling of expected benefits
Graph based on modeled outcomes based on TN data

21. Benefits of emission trading over status quo
Status Quo: Command & Control
Proposed: Market Based
Industry compliance may be low owing to limited oversight possible
Industry costs are higher than they could be since no flexibility
No direct incentive to pollute less or to innovate in finding solutions’
May not be transparent
Difficult to link to ambient levels or carry out regional targeting
Based on better monitoring therefore greater compliance
Allows ‘least cost’ abatement by industry
Direct cost for every ton emitted: Increases innovation and deters pollution
Transparency built into design
Concept of a “regional cap” enables environmental targeting based on regional conditions

22. Evaluation Design

23. PM-CEMS
An Overview on Monitoring & Measurement Technique

24. I. In-situ Cross Duct/Stack
Available Technology for Continuous Particulate Matter (PM) and Velocity/Flow Monitoring
I. In-situ Cross Duct/Stack
Gas is being measured passing by a specific ‘line of sight’ of the monitor, typically ranging from a few feet, to the full distance across the interior diameter of the stack/ duct
In-situ Probe Type
Gas is being measured at one specific point or along a short path in the stack or duct

25. Available Measuring Principal for Continuous PM Measurement
1.Transmissiometer
The loss of light due to the absorption by the dust particles is proportional to the dust concentration.
2.Scatter-light Dry
Light scattered by dust particles is proportional to the dust concentration
Beam splitter
Light source
Control detector
Measurement detector

26. Available Measuring Principal for Continuous PM Measurement
3.Scatter-light Wet
Same as dry but the gas is extracted and heated to vaporise the water droplets and is in moisture form.

27. Available Measuring Principal for Continuous PM Measurement
4.Triboflow / Triboelectric
An impact principles, as emission particles comes in contact with the sensor & generate triboflow signal (current & voltage) which is proportional to the emission.
C.E.M.S.
PROCESSING ELECTRONICS
SPECIAL CO-AXIAL CABLE
SENSOR
4-20 mA ANALOG OUTPUT
DIRECTION OF PARTICULATE FLOW

28. Available Measuring Principal for Continuous PM Measurement
5.Beta gauge absorption
Absorption of a Beta ray (electrons) emitted by a radioactive emitter through particles collected

29. International Certification for PM-CEMS
European Union
USA
QAL 1
(Quality assurance level 1)
MACT
(Maximum Achievable Control Technology)
TUV
(Technical watch-over Association)
PS-1
(USEPA)
MCERTS
(Monitoring Certification Schemes)
PS-11

30. Available Manufacturers/Suppliers for Continuous PM Measurement in Stack
S. N.
Manufacturer/supplier 1.
M/s Chemtrols Industries Ltd., New Delhi
SICK Miahak,Germany 2.
M/s Durag India Instrumentation Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore
Durag Germany 3.
M/s Environment S.A. India Pvt Ltd., Navi Mumbai
Durag Germany,
Land Instruments, UK 4.
M/s Forbes Marshal Codel Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Codel UK 5.
M/s Horiba India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Tamaka Electric Lab Ltd., Japan & Durag Germany 6.
M/s ICE (Asia) Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai
PCME Ltd., UK 7.
M/s Marvel Engineering Company, Chennai 8.
M/s Nevco Enginners Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
TYCO Env. Sys, Australia 9.
M/s Swan Environmental North Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
Mipoy Finland
10.
M/s Shree Tecs Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai
Shree Tecs India
11.
M/s Thermofisher Scientific India Pvt. Ltd., Noida
Thermo Scientific USA
12.
M/s Vayubodhan Upkaran Pvt. Ltd, Delhi
PCME Ltd, UK

31. Differential Pressure
Available Measuring Principal for Continuous Velocity / Flow Measurement
Flow
Direction
Flow Probe
Cross Over
Cock
Differential Pressure
Measuring Transducer
Absolute
Pressure
Measuring
Transducer
(optional)
Temperature
Microprocessor
Evaluation Unit
1.Pitot Tube / Differential Pressure
Differential pressure developed due to the flow between two points is proportional to the square of the flow rate.
2.Ultrasonic
Transit time difference between upstream and downstream signal is proportional to the velocity of flue gas.

32. 4.IR-Time Correlation Technique
Available Measuring Principal for Continuous Velocity / Flow Measurement
3.Thermal Mass Flow
The energy required to maintain the constant temperature between two probes is directly proportional to the mass flow rate.
4.IR-Time Correlation Technique
Measure gas velocity using a time delay correlation of flue gas infrared emission received by two detectors spaced a fixed distance apart.
Det 1
Det 2

33. Available Manufacturers/Suppliers for Continuous Velocity/Flow Measurement in Stack
Sl. No
Manufacturer/supplier 1.
M/s Chemtrols Industries Ltd., New Delhi
SICK Miahak,Germany 2.
M/s Durag India Instrumentation Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore
Durag Germany 3.
M/s Environment S.A. India Pvt Ltd., Navi Mumbai
Environment SA, France 4.
M/s Horiba India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Durag, Germany 5.
M/s Forbes Marshal Codel Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Codel UK 6.
M/s Marvel Engineering Company, Chennai
EMRC, USA 7.
M/s Nevco Enginners Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
TYCO Env. Sys, Australia
M/s Swan Environmental North Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
Mipoy Finland 8.
M/s Thermofisher Scientific India Pvt. Ltd., Noida
Thermo Scientific USA

34. Firms Divided into Groups
ETS Evaluation Design
Based on objective comparison (emission data and surveys) of groups in different conditions to rigorously determine benefits of CEMS and Trading
Firms Divided into Groups
Research Question
Phase 2.a
CEMS
No CEMS
Measure the effect of continuous emissions monitoring
Phase 2.b
Phase 3
Trading
No Trading
Measure the effect of market-based regulation

35. Challenges in Implementing the Pilot ETS in India
Monitoring and Verification -
Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems require industry expense and supply is limited. It is difficult for installation to take place across several industries in a short period of time .
Technology Robustness and Reliability in the Indian Operating Conditions
Installing Continuous Monitoring Systems for Small Scale Industries
Developing a Fail Safe Infrastructure for data validation , transfer and storage
Institutional Challenges –
Capacity building for environmental labs to conduct CEMS Certification
Conducting an Emissions Trading Scheme draws on the limited manpower of regulatory authorities
Capacity building in regulatory authorities to adopt trading regime

36. Challenges Anticipated
Installation of CEMs
Calibration of CEMS
Calibration Facilities
In-house calibration facilities
Development of SOPs
Training
Data Generation
Data Validation
Data Transfer
Data Storage
Data Evaluation
Specification of CEMS, supply of CEMS, local maintenance
Development of load based Emission Standard
Legal backup
Participation and Synchronization

37. Central Pollution Control Board
Delhi
THANK YOU ALL