1. Alasdair Cochrane, Department of Politics, University of Sheffield 4 th October 2013

2.  A brief introduction to human rights  What are they?  What role do they play in international and domestic politics?  The main controversies surrounding human rights  Foundationalism  Universalism  Over to you to resolve!

3.  Definition is contested!  But agreement on fact they have a LEGAL and a MORAL element.  So LEGALLY, they are those things that can be found in Bills, Constitutions, and International Treaties...

4.  Human rights as legal rights Example 1:  The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

5.  Human rights as legal rights. Example 2:  The European Convention of Human Rights (1953)

6.  Human rights as legal rights Example 3:  The Human Rights Act (1998)

7.  But what about those who live in states without these legal protections?  They too have human rights – in the moral sense.  They ought to enjoy those protections.

8.  So there is an important moral idea behind human rights too:  ALL humans possess certain rights simply in virtue of BEING HUMAN.  This is a universalistic claim; and a foundational one. Both are controversial!

9.  1. Foundationalism: Why do all human beings possess these basic rights? What is it about human beings that gives them these rights? What ‘factor x’ do human beings possess which means they merit these special protections (while other creatures do not)?

10.  2. Universalism:  Coming round is a summary of the UDHR.  Should every human on Earth enjoy each and every one of these rights?  Make an argument that they should NOT.

11.  Issues like human rights are controversial and contested.  This does NOT mean that all positions are equally valid and we should give up debating them. They are too important for that.  Rather, these issues are complex – and so we need to understand them closely to take the most reasonable positions we can.