1. NTP Network Time Protocol Nóirín Plunkett Network Time Protocol Nóirín Plunkett

2. A Short French Lesson  TAI – Temps Atomique International  International Atomic Time  UTC – Temps Universel Coordonné  Universal Co-ordinated Time  BIH – Bureau International de l’Heure  International Time Bureau  TAI – Temps Atomique International  International Atomic Time  UTC – Temps Universel Coordonné  Universal Co-ordinated Time  BIH – Bureau International de l’Heure  International Time Bureau

3. Second  SI Unit  9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom  SI Unit  9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom

4. Brief History of Time  Second defined in 1967  UTC started on 1st January 1972  RFC 778, 1981 - Internet Clock Service  RFC 958, 1985 - description of NTP  RFC 1059, 1988 - NTPv1, protocol & algorithms  RFC 1305, 1992 - NTPv3, formal correctness principles  NTPv4 in use, not yet formalised  Second defined in 1967  UTC started on 1st January 1972  RFC 778, 1981 - Internet Clock Service  RFC 958, 1985 - description of NTP  RFC 1059, 1988 - NTPv1, protocol & algorithms  RFC 1305, 1992 - NTPv3, formal correctness principles  NTPv4 in use, not yet formalised

5. Real World  “ Time is what prevents everything from happening at once. ” - J.A. Wheeler  Correlating logs of events  Cryptographic expiries  Air Traffic Control  GPS  Networking  “ Time is what prevents everything from happening at once. ” - J.A. Wheeler  Correlating logs of events  Cryptographic expiries  Air Traffic Control  GPS  Networking

6. Atomic Time  260 atomic clocks in 40 labs contribute to the international time standards contribute to TAI  Radio broadcasts  DCF77, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig (77.5kHz)  GPS based on US Naval Observatory, DC  260 atomic clocks in 40 labs contribute to the international time standards contribute to TAI  Radio broadcasts  DCF77, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig (77.5kHz)  GPS based on US Naval Observatory, DC

7. NTP and UTC  NTP is based on UTC  NTP has no memory  Every leap-second, NTP ‘resets’ itself to the current UTC value  Using a clock synchronised to UTC in 2005 to calculate the time of an event in early 1972 would result in 22 seconds difference  NTP is based on UTC  NTP has no memory  Every leap-second, NTP ‘resets’ itself to the current UTC value  Using a clock synchronised to UTC in 2005 to calculate the time of an event in early 1972 would result in 22 seconds difference

8. What NTP Does Provide most accurate time possible, based on ‘reference time’ - not just syncing to a common time Keep in sync with leap seconds Ignore ‘falsetickers’ - clocks it could use for reference, but which provide an apparently wrong time Use previous figures to estimate current difference between system time and reference time, in the absence of a network connection Provide most accurate time possible, based on ‘reference time’ - not just syncing to a common time Keep in sync with leap seconds Ignore ‘falsetickers’ - clocks it could use for reference, but which provide an apparently wrong time Use previous figures to estimate current difference between system time and reference time, in the absence of a network connection

9. What NTP Does Not  Convert NTP timestamps into system time format  Set the hardware clock  Handle time-zones/summer time  Recognise when the system clock is far off and accept apparent ‘falsetickers’ as true  Convert NTP timestamps into system time format  Set the hardware clock  Handle time-zones/summer time  Recognise when the system clock is far off and accept apparent ‘falsetickers’ as true

10. Some Definitions  Reference clock - a device which gives a known accurate time  Accuracy - the difference between the value of a measurement and the actual measurand  Precision - how close two measurements of the same value are  Reference clock - a device which gives a known accurate time  Accuracy - the difference between the value of a measurement and the actual measurand  Precision - how close two measurements of the same value are

11. Precision vs Accuracy  Exp I - Imprecise, inaccurate  Exp II - Imprecise, accurate  Exp III - Precise, inaccurate  Exp IV - Precise, accurate (image source)image source

12. NTP Packet  UDP Packet  Request  Time of client system clock at sending  Response  Time of client system clock at sending  Time of receipt at server  Time of server system clock at sending  UDP Packet  Request  Time of client system clock at sending  Response  Time of client system clock at sending  Time of receipt at server  Time of server system clock at sending

13. NTP Timestamp  64-bit number  First 32 bits represent seconds since 00:00, January 1st, 1900  Next 32 bits represent fractions of a second  Sat, Nov 19 2005 19:27:30.869  c729fb22.de8afc9d  11000111 00101001 11111011 00100010. 11011110 10001010 11111100 10011101  64-bit number  First 32 bits represent seconds since 00:00, January 1st, 1900  Next 32 bits represent fractions of a second  Sat, Nov 19 2005 19:27:30.869  c729fb22.de8afc9d  11000111 00101001 11111011 00100010. 11011110 10001010 11111100 10011101

14. More Definitions  Latency - the time taken for a packet to reach its destination  Round trip time - the time taken between the client sending out a packet, and receiving a response to that packet from the server  Jitter - variability of latency over time  Latency - the time taken for a packet to reach its destination  Round trip time - the time taken between the client sending out a packet, and receiving a response to that packet from the server  Jitter - variability of latency over time

15. Timestamps in Packets  Client sends packet - T 1  Server receives packet, adds receipt timestamp - T 2  Server prepares packet to send to client, adds sending timestamp - T 3  Client receives packet - T 4  Latency client -> server = (T 2 -T 1 )  Latency server -> client = (T 4 -T 3 )  Client sends packet - T 1  Server receives packet, adds receipt timestamp - T 2  Server prepares packet to send to client, adds sending timestamp - T 3  Client receives packet - T 4  Latency client -> server = (T 2 -T 1 )  Latency server -> client = (T 4 -T 3 )

16. Round Trip Times  Actual RTT = (T 4 -T 1 )  Network RTT = (T 2 -T 1 ) + (T 4 -T 3 )  Latencies = (T 2 -T 1 ), (T 4 -T 3 )  If latencies are symmetric (within reason), (T 1 +T 4 ) = (T 2 +T 3 )  If (T 1 +T 4 ) != (T 2 +T 3 ), our estimate of clock offset is (T 1 +T 4 ) - (T 2 +T 3 )  Actual RTT = (T 4 -T 1 )  Network RTT = (T 2 -T 1 ) + (T 4 -T 3 )  Latencies = (T 2 -T 1 ), (T 4 -T 3 )  If latencies are symmetric (within reason), (T 1 +T 4 ) = (T 2 +T 3 )  If (T 1 +T 4 ) != (T 2 +T 3 ), our estimate of clock offset is (T 1 +T 4 ) - (T 2 +T 3 )

17. Truechimers & Falsetickers  Multiple servers providing time estimates  If the majority of servers provide a consistent time - they’re probably right  If there are one or two outliers - they’re probably wrong  Multiple servers providing time estimates  If the majority of servers provide a consistent time - they’re probably right  If there are one or two outliers - they’re probably wrong

18. Peering  Client should peer with multiple servers (image source)image source

19. Law of Averages  Peering with multiple servers makes for more reliable results  Falsetickers will be easier to identify  Truechimers will be more useful (because more servers means we can dismiss borderline true/false)  Assumptions become statistically more reliable  Latency symmetry  Clock regularity  Peering with multiple servers makes for more reliable results  Falsetickers will be easier to identify  Truechimers will be more useful (because more servers means we can dismiss borderline true/false)  Assumptions become statistically more reliable  Latency symmetry  Clock regularity

20. Problems with Peering  Loops  NTP prevents loops, through spanning-tree mechanism  Layers  NTP prevents there being more than fourteen layers, by using strata  Loops  NTP prevents loops, through spanning-tree mechanism  Layers  NTP prevents there being more than fourteen layers, by using strata

21. Strata  Radio clock - Stratum 0  Computer running NTP syncing from radio clock - Stratum 1  Computer syncing from Stratum n NTP server - Stratum n+1  Server unreachable - Stratum 16  Radio clock - Stratum 0  Computer running NTP syncing from radio clock - Stratum 1  Computer syncing from Stratum n NTP server - Stratum n+1  Server unreachable - Stratum 16

22. Lies, Damn Lies  NTP checks that values are consistent with previous measurements  Deals with sudden changes in network/system load  Allows NTP to ‘guess’, in case of network failure  If values are very different from previously, but remain consistent, NTP accepts that local clock may be falseticker  NTP checks that values are consistent with previous measurements  Deals with sudden changes in network/system load  Allows NTP to ‘guess’, in case of network failure  If values are very different from previously, but remain consistent, NTP accepts that local clock may be falseticker

23. Clocks  Hardware clock - quartz crystal  Software clock - interrupt-driven timer chips  Software clock more accurate for judging interval between two times  Both need to be set to correct time  Hardware clock - quartz crystal  Software clock - interrupt-driven timer chips  Software clock more accurate for judging interval between two times  Both need to be set to correct time

24. Problems  Inaccurate time needs to be corrected  Massive time changes are undesirable  Time travel is undesirable  Skipping seconds is bad  Going backwards is not allowed  Best way of balancing all this is to slow down/speed up time  This only works with computers, and in the movies!  Inaccurate time needs to be corrected  Massive time changes are undesirable  Time travel is undesirable  Skipping seconds is bad  Going backwards is not allowed  Best way of balancing all this is to slow down/speed up time  This only works with computers, and in the movies!

25. Exceptions  On system boot-up, time can be set, regardless of offset from previous time  init scripts are aware of this, bootup expects it, nothing should break  Computers do what they’re told - regardless of what the admin intended  If an admin tells the system to update its time, it updates. Things may break.  On system boot-up, time can be set, regardless of offset from previous time  init scripts are aware of this, bootup expects it, nothing should break  Computers do what they’re told - regardless of what the admin intended  If an admin tells the system to update its time, it updates. Things may break.

26. Phase Lock Loops  Raises (or lowers) frequency of an oscillator until it matches a reference frequency  Pauses oscillator as necessary to match ref. phase  Raises (or lowers) frequency of an oscillator until it matches a reference frequency  Pauses oscillator as necessary to match ref. phase

27. More on PLL  Seconds can be speeded up or slowed down, until they happen as often as reference clock - frequency is matched  NTP can also use this speed change to match the phase - some PLLs will stop the oscillator momentarily to do this  Seconds can be speeded up or slowed down, until they happen as often as reference clock - frequency is matched  NTP can also use this speed change to match the phase - some PLLs will stop the oscillator momentarily to do this

28. NTP Traffic  ntp.maths.tcd.ie  Stratum 1 server, syncing from radio clock  ntp.maths.tcd.ie  Stratum 1 server, syncing from radio clock

29. Daily Peak  Graph dates from IST - blip occurring at 1am local time

30. After IST Ends  Peak remains - still at midnight GMT

31. Daylight Savings Time  NTP is time-zone agnostic

32. Daylight Savings Time Ends  2005-W43-7 - Daylight Savings Time ends

33. Strange Happenings

34. References  RFC 1305  http://www.ntp.isc.org http://www.ntp.isc.org  http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/  ntp.maths.tcd.ie ntp.maths.tcd.ie  RFC 1305  http://www.ntp.isc.org http://www.ntp.isc.org  http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/  ntp.maths.tcd.ie ntp.maths.tcd.ie