1. States of Consciousness

2. States of Consciousness
Consciousness – the awareness of ourselves and our environment
Ex: awake
Altered States – unaware of ourselves and our environment
Ex: Sleep

3. How do we know if we’re in an altered state?
Brain Waves differ on an EEG
Functional activity on an fMRI or PET scan

4. Levels of Consciousness
We know that various levels exists beyond the conscious level.
Selective Attention
Mere-exposure effect
Priming
Blind sight
Automatic processing
Mere exposure effect – repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking them. Taiwanese letter example – young Taiwanese man who wrote more than 700 letters to his girlfriend urging here to marry him. She did marry---the mail carrier
Mere Exposure Effect: Have you ever met someone you didn't like very much at first and then over time, even if you didn't really have personal interactions with the person you started liking them (or disliking them less)? This might have been due to the mere exposure effect in which you begin to like something simply because you are exposed to it over and over again. I bet if you think about it you can come up with all sorts of things that you like simply because you are exposed to it repeatedly. There are many advertisers who bombard you with their products for this reason.
Taiwanese Letter Example

5. Biological Rhythms
Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)
28 day cycles: menstrual cycle.
24 hour cycle: circadian rhythm (biological clock) – regular bodily rhythms like temperature and wakefulness.
90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.

6. Altered States Brain waves on EEG
Increased or decreased Brain activity in certain areas of the brain on fMRI or PET

7. Sleep
Circadian Rhythm – pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
Sleep
Temperature
Melatonin - sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus – cell clusters in hypothalamus causes pineal gland to produce melatonin
When light strikes the retina the hypothalamus’ SCN lower production of melatonin by the Pineal Gland
Decreasing light causes the SCN to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep

8. Circadian Rhythm
Body Temp – rises in morning, peaks during the day, dips for time in early afternoons (siesta time), drops again before we go to sleep
Thinking sharpest, memory most accurate at peak of arousal
Circadian rhythm is affected by travelling across time zones, shift work – spending next day outdoors will help reset your clock
Too much Artificial light or dark cave delays sleep and makes our 24 hr cycle a 25 hr cycle.

9. Circadian Rhythm

10. Sleep Awake Sleep – periodic natural loss of consciousness
Beta waves - alert state
Alpha waves - the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Conscious
Sleep – periodic natural loss of consciousness
Slowed breathing and irregular brain waves
Theta waves, Delta waves
Sleep is marked by slowed breathing and irregular brain waves

11. Sleep Cycle 5 Stages of Sleep
Takes about minutes to pass through the 5 stages.
Brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage
NREM - The first four stages
REM - The fifth stage

12. Stage 1 Stage 1: Slow breathing, irregular heart beat
Hallucinations – sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus
Hypnagogic sensations - strange and extremely vivid sensations
Feeling like you’re falling or floating
Hear someone calling your name
Alpha & Theta waves

13. Stage 2 Begins 20 min. into sleep
Theta Waves that get progressively slower.
Sleep Spindles…short bursts of rapid brain waves.
Gets longer throughout the night
Sleeptalking can occur

14. Stages 3 Slow wave sleep. Theta & Delta waves. Lasts about 30 min
Delta waves - large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health (same for stage 4
Lasts about 30 min
Difficult to awaken
Sleeptalking can occur

15. Stage 4 Delta waves. Lasts about 30 min Difficult to awaken
Bed Wetting and Sleep walking, sleep talking*,
Night Terrors – sleep disorder, high arousal appear being terrified
Seldom wakeup fully
Not nightmares (REM)
Start to ascend back through stage 3, 2, REM then…..
*Sleep talking can occur at any stage of sleep

16. REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement – fast jerky eye movements = dreaming
Paradoxical sleep –
internally aroused, externally calm.
Brain waves resemble wakefulness, but body is at rest
Body is essentially paralyzed, relaxed muscles
Gets longer throughout the night
Dreams occur during REM
emotional, story-like, richly hallucinatory, including visual, auditory, and other sensory details
Genital arousal
REM Rebound – attempt to catch up on lost REM
REM sleep with be more frequent and longer

17. Typical Nights Sleep

18. Stages of Sleep

19. Sleep Stages
Alpha waves
Theta waves

20. The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep are called
Alpha waves
Circadian rhythms
Sleep spindles
Delta waves
Amplitude waves 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

21. Nightmares occur in which stage of sleep
REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

22. Hypnagogic sensations Alpha wave patterns Beta wave patterns
After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal
Dopamine production
Hypnagogic sensations
Alpha wave patterns
Beta wave patterns
Circadian Rhythm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

23. The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

24. Sleep talking may occur during
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Any Stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

25. The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to
Awake
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
NREM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

26. Why Do We Sleep? Variations in sleeping patterns Cultural influences
may be genetically influenced
Infants spend 2/3 of the day sleeping
Adults – 1/3 of the day
Cultural influences
US 8 hrs, but sleeping less than a century ago (lightbulb)
Unhindered would sleep 9 hrs
People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer.
Sleep debt – amount of sleep you need but are not getting over a period of time
can’t be paid off with one long marathon

27. The Effects of Sleep Loss
US Navy and NIH studies
hrs /night felt energized and happier
Age and sleep loss
Teens need 8-9 hrs if not, function below peak
Chronic sleep loss
Makes you fatter - Increases ghrelin (hunger arousing hormone) and decreases leptin (hunger-suppressing hormone, stress hormone cortisol increases = body makes more fat
Suppresses immune cells that fight off infection
Alters metabolic and hormonal functioning that mimics aging, causes hypertension and memory impairment
Irritability, slow performance impaired, creativity, concentration and communication
Reaction time slows, errors on visual tasks increase

28. The Effects of Sleep Loss
Spring and fall time changes – higher accidents and traffic fatalities

29. Sleep Theories Sleep theories Sleep protects Sleep helps recuperation
Memory storage
Sleep and creative thinking
Sleep and growth

30. Sleep Disorders

31. Insomnia Persistent problems falling asleep
Effects 10% of the population
Primary versus Secondary Insomnia

32. Because he has difficulty falling asleep at night, Dr
Because he has difficulty falling asleep at night, Dr. Hogan doesn't go to bed until very late. Before he retires, he tries to wear himself out by running around the block several times. Then he treats himself to a beer and perhaps a pizza while preparing for the next day's early morning classes. What specific advice would you give Dr. Hogan to help him fall asleep?

33. What advise should you give to someone with insomnia?
No caffeine past noon
Avoid high food intake at night
Avoid alcohol before bedtime
Sleep on regular schedule
Manage stress level
Keep clocks out of sight

34. Narcolepsy
Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times.
Directly into REM sleep
Less than .001 % of population.
Click above to see Skeeter the narcoleptic dog.

35. Sleep Apnea A person stops breathing during their sleep.
Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep.
Very common, especially in heavy males.
Can be fatal.

36. Night Terrors Not a nightmare.
Most common in children (boys) between ages 2-8.
Racing pulse, gasping for air, screaming incoherently, can’t be awakened

37. Somnambulism Sleep Walking
Most often occurs during the first few hours of sleeping and in stage 4 (deep sleep).
If you have had night terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk when older.

38. Sleep Deprivation has been shown to
Increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks
Decrease weight
Reduce hypertension
Diminish immunity to disease
Decrease narcolepsy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

39. Slow wave sleep promotes
Effective memory
REM rebound
Narcolepsy
Obesity
Insomnia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

40. Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote
Sleep apnea
Obesity
Narcolepsy
Night Terrors
Nightmares 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

41. Dreams
Dreams - A sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
Hallucinatory imagery
Discontinuity
Incongruities
Dreamers delusional acceptance
Often forgotten

42. Dreams Theories Freud’s Theory of Dreams
2. Activation Synthesis Theory
3. Information Process Theory
4. Physiological Function
5. Cognitive Development

43. Freud’s Theory of Dreams
Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious.
Manifest Content (storyline)
Latent Content (underlying meaning)

44. Manifest Content

45. Latent Content Unresolved hostility Avoiding sexual intimacy
Emotional conflict
Desire for something you can’t have (wish-fulfillment )
Repressed fear or worry
Hidden aversion or perversion
Hidden sexual desires

46. Activation-Synthesis Theory
Our Cerebral Cortex is trying to interpret random electrical activity we have while sleeping.
That is why dreams sometimes make no sense.
Biological Theory
Areas that process visual images (not in visual cortex) and limbic system are active, but not the frontal lobe

47. Information-Processing Theory aka Memory Consolidation Theory
Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life – more dreaming when more stress or trauma.
Dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate memory during REM

48. Physiological Function Theory
Brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural networks
REM sleep provides stimulation for the brain
Newborns neural networks develop rapidly & newborns spend much of sleep time in REM

49. A Lifetime of Sleep

50. Cognitive Development Theory
Dreams are part of brain maturation and cognitive development
Dreams draw on our concepts and knowledge
Dreams get more complex as we age
Before age 9 dreams like a slide show and less like an active story

51. Critical Considerations: Does not address the neuroscience of dreams.

52. REM Rebound
REM Rebound - REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation
Dreaming serves a biological function
YOU need your REM SLEEP!

53. Franco studied all evening for a chemistry test scheduled the following morning. That night he dreamt that he accurately copied a female classmate's correct answers to the test questions as they unexpectedly flashed before his eyes. Compare and contrast explanations of Franco's dream that might be provided by Freudian, memory consolidation (Info Processing theory), and activation-synthesis theories. In what sense is the dream a reflection of Franco's level of cognitive development?.

54. Information processing Physiological Activation synthesis
Some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. This finding supports which of the following dream theories?
Wish fulfillment
Information processing
Physiological
Activation synthesis
developmental 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

55. The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep.
Sensory cortex
Limbic system
Frontal lobe
Pineal gland
Pons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

56. Social influence theory Activation Synthesis Theory
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
dissociation theory
Social influence theory
Activation Synthesis Theory
Wish-fulfillment theory
Memory Consolidation Theory 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

57. Hypnosis
A heightened openness to suggestion

58. Hypnosis Hypnosis – a state of heightened openness to suggestion
Responsive to hypnosis if
Rich Fantasy life
Expect to and motivated to be hypnotized
Posthypnotic suggestion – a suggestion made under hypnosis to be carried out later
Obesity
Smoking, drugs, alcohol

59. Research on Hypnosis Hypnotic influence Age-Regressed suggestion -
People act as they believe children would, but outperform children.
Hypnotically “Refreshed” memories
Memories retrieved from hypnosis are combination of fact and fiction
Hypnotic influence
No more likely to perform dangerous acts than under normal circumstances
Supports Social influence Theory (our behaviors are influenced by others) - acting out role of good hypnotized subjects

60. Hypnotic Theories 1. Role Theory (Spanos) 2. State Theory
Hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness.
No changes on an fMRI
Participants have a high “hypnotic suggestibility” and are playing a “role”
Participants interpret their behavior during hypnosis as “involuntary”
“Hypnosis ritual” creates expectations in participants to behave in ways consistent with expectations
Supports Social influence theory
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.
Distinctive brain activity accompanies hypnosis
Would see changes on fMRI or EEG
Analgesic effects – works to help manage pain

61. Divided Consciousness Theory
Divided Consciousness Theory AKA Dissociation Theory (Ernest Hilgard) – hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily
One Part of our consciousness responds to suggestions
One part maintains awareness of reality
Ice Water Experiment.
Participant dissociates pain sensation from emotional suffering
Most lifted finger if some part felt pain
No outward sign of pain from ice water
Increased activity in areas of the brain that receive pain sensations, but not in areas that make us aware of pain

62. Practical Uses of Hypnosis
Hypnotic analgesia – pain reduction during surgery
fMRI’s show reduction in sensory cortex
HOW? Distracting attention or, Gate Control Theory, but not endorphins
Relieves Headaches, asthma, stress related skin disorders,
Useful in treating obesity
Not successful in treating other addictions

63. A good friend of yours hopes that hypnosis will improve his memory and help him study longer and more effectively. He worries, however, that he might not be easily hypnotized. Your mother hopes that hypnosis will help relieve her arthritis pain but fears that under hypnosis she might do something embarrassing. Discuss the extent to which the hopes and fears of your friend and your mother are realistic. Where appropriate, use research evidence to support your conclusions.

64. People are particularly receptive to hypnosis if…
strongly expect that they can be hypnotized.
are below average in intelligence and education.
are easily distracted and have difficulty focusing attention.
were diagnosed with a psychological disorder at one time in their lives.
suffer a physical or psychological dependence on alcohol. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

65. Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that
hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness.
hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects.
the process of dissociation best explains hypnotic phenomena.
most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis.
hypnotic susceptibility is positively correlated with introversion. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30