1. 5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
MR HELP

2. DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHY
A Science that deals with :
Description
Distribution
Interaction
of the diverse
physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth's surface

3. Geography is the study of:
IN PLAIN ENGLISH
Geography is the study of:
the earth
and everything on it.

4. WHERE DID THE 5 THEMES COME FROM?
5 Themes of Geography –
Created by the
National Geographic Society
In order to fulfill a need for geographers to categorize everything they learn about the world.
These 5 places are easy to remember. Just say the word “MR HELP”.
Geographers -
(people who study the earth and everything on it)

5. Human-Environment Interaction
5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
MOVEMENT
REGION
Human-Environment Interaction
PLACE
LOCATION

6. WHAT IS “PRILM”?
MR HELP is a mnemonic device that can be used to help remember what the 5 Themes of Geography are.
Take the first letter of each Theme to create the word MR HELP
Movement
Region
Human-Environment
Location
Place

7. 5 Themes explained
Location – Where is it ? Place – What is it like ? How does it look ? Is it hot, cold, dry, wet, lots of buildings ? Region – How are places similar and different ? Does it have characteristics that unify it ? Movement – How do people, goods, and ideas move from one place to another ? Human-Environment Interaction – How do people relate to the physical world ? How do they use it ?

8. LOCATION Absolute location is shown by an address.
2 parts : Absolute+ RELATIVE LOCATION
Absolute location is shown by an address.
The address can be any type of address that gives an exact position.
Here are some examples: A Street Address: 152 Silly Street, McKinney, Tx A Map Address: 15o20' North, 20o15' West
Both of these examples well tell you exactly where a place is.
Relative location is shown by saying where something is in relation to somewhere or something else is located.
( Down the street next to Taco Bell )

9. Latitude and Longitude

10. Latitude lines run east/west but they measure north or south of the equator (0°) splitting the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.

11. Latitude North Pole South Pole90 80 [
Lines of latitude are numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° N.L. at the North Pole. 70 60 50 40 30 20 ]
Lines of latitude are numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° S.L. at the South Pole. 10 10 20 30
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A) 40 50 60 70 80 90

12. Latitude The North Pole is at 90° N The South Pole is at 90° S
40° N is the 40° line of latitude north of the equator.
40° S is the 40° line of latitude south of the equator.
The equator is at 0° latitude. It is neither north nor south. It is at the center between north and south.
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

13. Longitude Lines of longitude begin at the Prime Meridian.
60° E is the 60° line of longitude east of the Prime Meridian.
60° W is the
60° line of
longitude west
of the Prime
Meridian.
The Prime Meridian is located at 0°. It is neither east or west W E
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

14. Longitude
180° N
North Pole W E
West Longitude
East Longitude
PRIME MERIDIAN S
Lines of longitude are numbered east from the Prime Meridian to the 180° line and west from the Prime Meridian to the 180° line.
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

15. Prime Meridian The Prime Meridian (0°) and the 180° line split the earth into the Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. Prime Meridian
Western Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)
Places located east of the Prime Meridian have an east longitude (E) address. Places located west of the Prime Meridian have a west longitude (W) address.

16. INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE 180°
SEPARATES 2 CALENDAR DAYS.
America to Asia – gain a day
Asia to America – lose a day
If you took a cruise on a ship, circumventing, or traveling around the entire planet, you would experience firsthand a phenomena that would help you understand the importance of an international dateline. An explorer by the name of Ferdinand Magellan did just that in the year Magellan along with 241 men set out to travel around the entire Earth. These men kept very careful records as they traveled. Yet, when they returned, they found that their calendars were off by one day with the calendars of everyone in their home countries. What happened? How did these men loose an entire day? The day was not lost all at once. It was lost little by little, as the traveled around the Earth. If you stay in one place, a day lasts 24 hours. However, if you travel the opposite direction of the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly longer than 24 hours, because you are traveling ahead of the setting sun. If you travel with the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly shorter than 24 hours, because you are traveling into the sunset.
At any one moment there are actually two days on the Earth at the same time. A new day begins at mid-night on the International Dateline. It travels around the Earth, until 48 hours later it ends back at the International dateline. If you were to travel across the International Dateline, the date would change either forward, or backward. This line actually lies in the middle of a time zone. This means that the hour on the clock would not change, as you crossed over, just the date.

17. By combining latitude and longitude, any location can be pinpointed

18. A location’s coordinates (____° N or S, ____ ° E or W)

19. Application N
North America is in the Northern Hemisphere because it is north of the Equator. North America is in the Western Hemisphere because it is west of the Prime Meridian. W E S
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.3 (B), Posing and answering questions about geographic distributions and patterns
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

20. LONGITUDE AND TIME The world rotates (spins) 360° in 24 hours.
360° / 24 hours = 15° per hour
The world has 24 time zones, each l5° apart.
THERE IS A 1 HOUR TIME DIFFERENCE FOR EVERY 15° OF LONGITUDE

21. Greenwich, England is the logical starting point for time zones
The world rotates west to east (counterclockwise), time zones to the east are ahead of the those time zones to the west

22. Time is forward to all places to the east WEST LESS
ANOTHER CHEESY SAYING
EAST INCREASE
Time is forward to all places to the east
WEST LESS
Time is backward to all places to the west

23. East Increase – West Less (1 hr per l5°)
If it is 4pm in GA what time is it in CA?
If its 12pm in AZ what time is it in FL?

24. Location Activity
You will be provided with the names of all the professional football teams.
Locate each football city on a map and then write the latitude and longitude coordinates beside the city’s name on the list.

25. PLACE Physical characteristics Human characteristics
What is it like there? What kind of place is it?
This is divided into 2 parts:
Physical characteristics
Things that occur naturally, such as mountains, rivers, type of soil, wildlife, climate etc.
Human characteristics
Things that have changed
due to people, such as roads
and buildings, how people live
and their traditions.

26. Place Activity Your job is to make a mystery postcard.
On one side of a postcard draw an image representing a place that could be in town, a city in Kentucky, another state, or a country.
On the other side, write a message that provides the other students with clues about the place. Do not include the name of the location. Be sure to include lots of detailed information to help your classmates appreciate the personality of the place you are describing.
We will then pass them to each group and try to guess what they are describing.

27. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
How do humans and the environment affect each other?
We depend on it.
People depend on the Tennessee River for water and transportation.
We modify it.
People modify our environment by
heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
We adapt to it.
We adapt to the environment by wearing
clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and
winter (coats), rain and shine.

28. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT ACTIVITY
List ways that people affect their environment every day (for example driving cars, using water, disposing of garbage, smoking cigarettes).
 Make a second list of ways that people affect their environment through seasonal activities (for example, watering lawns, burning leaves, fishing and hunting).

29. MOVEMENT How are people, goods, ideas moved from place to place?
Human Movement
Trucks, Trains, Planes
Information Movement
Phones, computer ( ), mail
Idea Movement
How do fads move from place to place?
TV, Radio, Magazines

30. MOVEMENT ACTIVITY
Items in the classroom can easily represent a microcosm of the world economy. You will be surprised how many countries are represented on the “Made In…” labels of products around you.
Look at the tags of your t-shirts, notebooks, things around the classroom. Determine where they were made.
REVIEW DIFFERENT PLACES ON A WORLD MAP

32. REGIONS How are Regions similar to and different from other places?
Formal Regions
Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries (States, Countries, Cities)
Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky Mountain region, Chinatown).
Functional Regions
Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phone coverage area).
Vernacular Regions
Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the south, etc.)

33. REGIONS ACTIVITY
Use Atlas to label Native American regions in the United States.

34. Create Your Own Country
Using both the real world and your imagination you will be creating your own country. Each of the pages required for your travel guide must be assigned to a person or persons in the group. There are just five rules that you have to follow:
1) Your country must be located somewhere on the surface of the Earth. You can create an island or you can place your country between real countries.
2) Based on the location of your country your climate and vegetation must be realistic. You cannot have a tropical forest in a desert.
3) Your group must have typed detailed responses to the list of questions below.
4) You must also include everything that is on the check list.
5) The sky is the limit, so be creative and have fun!