1. Urbanization/Immigration Pages 565-577 Growth of Urban Areas Challenges Rise of Immigration Who & why? Native reactions Government restrictions

2. Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age 1.Megalopolis. 2.Mass Transit. 3.Magnet for economic and social opportunities. 4.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core 5.New frontier of opportunity for women. 6.Squalid living conditions for many. 7.Political machines. 8.Ethnic neighborhoods.

4. Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

5. Immigration Why? Poverty, famine, land shortages, religious or political persecution Who? Britain, Ireland, Germany, Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary, China, Japan, West Indies, Mexico How many? Between 1870 – 1920 20,000,000

6. Issues Difficult journey Steamship Inspection at Ellis Island or Angel Island Physical examination Document examination Literacy examination Ability to work $25

9. Reactions to Immigration Fuel for the political machine Jobs and favors for votes Private social reform Jane Addams – Hull House Spread of urban settlement houses New Nativism Labor competition Political competition

10. Urban Reformers Social Gospel Movement – Salvation through service to the poor Food kitchens Employment assistance Work conditions Creation of Settlement Houses Community centers for education, health, financial and legal assistance Hull House (Chicago) by Jane Adams

11. Immigration Laws 1875 First exclusionary act. Convicts, prostitutes, and "coolies" (Chinese contract laborers) are barred from entry into the United States. 1882 Immigration Act passed. The federal government moves to firmly establish its authority over immigration. Chinese immigration is curtailed; ex- convicts, lunatics, idiots, and those unable to take care of themselves are excluded. In addition, a tax is levied on newly arriving immigrants. 1885 Contract laborers' entry barred. This new legislation reverses an earlier federal law legalizing the trade in contract labor. 1891 `Office of Immigration created. Established as part of the U.S. Treasury Department, this new office is later given authority over naturalization and moved to the U.S. Justice Department. (Today it is known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service.) In the same year, paupers, polygamists, the insane, and persons with contagious diseases are excluded from entry to the United States. 1892 Ellis Island opens. Between 1892 and 1953, more than 12 million immigrants will be processed at this one facility. 1903 Additional categories of persons excluded. Epileptics, professional beggars, and anarchists are now excluded.

12. Social Change and Reform Pages 578-594 Religious change Darwin’s Theory African-Americans Education Booker T. vs. W.E.B. Horatio Alger Women’s Rights Prohibition Movement

13. Evolution vs. Creation

14. Segregation and Discrimination Voting Restrictions Literacy tests Poll tax Grandfather clause (white only) Jim Crow Laws Legal separation (segregation) of races Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision allows ‘separate but equal’

15. Race Relations Racial etiquette Riots Lynchings African-American Leaders Booker T. Washington Gradual approach to racial equality Equality through economic independence W.E.B. Du Bois Immediate social and economic equality Founded Niagara Movement (later NAACP) Ida B. Wells Journalist (Memphis) has to leave after lynching stories

16. Women’s Suffrage Movement Suffrage = right to vote Focus of women reformers since 1848 Strategy Gain right to vote by state Pursue court cases to test 14 th amendment Push for a constitutional amendment Form political organizations National American Woman Suffrage Association Leaders Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucy Burns, Alice Paul

17. Women’s Suffrage Movement Key Events 1848 – Seneca Falls Convention – declaration calls for voting rights for women 1878 – Proposed amendment for women’s suffrage in U.S. Congress (denied) 1893 – Colorado becomes the first state to grant women right to vote (15 more by 1918) 1913 – Pickets protest President Wilson’s inauguration 1919 – Proposed amendment for women’s suffrage in U.S. Congress (approved) 1920 - 19 th amendment ratified by ¾ of state legislatures

18. Rise of the Railroads Pages 536-545 Expansion of the Railways Transcontinental Success Improvements and innovations Abuses Government actions and regulations

19. Causes of Rapid Industrialization 1.Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. 2.The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A magnet for financial investment. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other industries. 1.Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. 2.The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A magnet for financial investment. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other industries.

20. 3.Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. 4.Abundant capital. 5.New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. 6.Market growing as US population increased. 7.Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth. 8.Abundant natural resources. 3.Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. 4.Abundant capital. 5.New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. 6.Market growing as US population increased. 7.Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth. 8.Abundant natural resources. More Causes of Rapid Industrialization

21. Railroad Construction

22. Age of Railroads Transcontinental Railroad – 1869 Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads Harsh work conditions Time problems No standard time zones Opportunities Nationwide network of suppliers and markets New towns and communities Expanded travel and settlement

23. What time is it? Eastern Standard Time = +1 hour Central Standard Time = NOW! Mountain Standard Time = -1 hour Pacific Standard Time = -2 hours

25. Railroad Problems Corruption Credit Mobilier – company inflated costs to build railroads – paid off Congressmen Price fixing against farmers Overbuilding Non standard gauges / iron vs. steel rails Competition Lack of government regulations

26. Cornelius [“Commodore”] Vanderbilt Can’t I do what I want with my money?

27. William Vanderbilt $ The public be damned! $ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power? $ The public be damned! $ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?

28. Robber Barons / Gospel of Wealth Pages 545-551 Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller J.P. Morgan Social Darwinism Gospel of Wealth

29. Big Business Emerges Andrew Carnegie Steel Baron – 80% of American Steel Management Genius Gospel of Wealth 90% ($325 million) donated to music, arts, and libraries John D. Rockefeller Oil Baron – Standard Oil – 90% of American Oil Consolidate, compete, and dominate Philanthropist - $500 million to U of C, foundations, and hospitals J.P. Morgan Financial Genius Philanthropist – smaller scale but still huge $$

30. New Type of Business Entities 1.Pool 1887  Interstate Commerce Act  Interstate Commerce Commission created. 2.Trust  John D. Rockefeller 1.Pool 1887  Interstate Commerce Act  Interstate Commerce Commission created. 2.Trust  John D. Rockefeller * Standard Oil Co.

31. Standard Oil Company

32. New Types of Business Entities 2.Trust: * Horizontal Integration  John D. Rockefeller * Vertical Integration: A. Gustavus Swift  Meat-packing B. Andrew Carnegie  U. S. Steel

34. Iron & Steel Production

35. U. S. Corporate Mergers

36. Railroad Impacts Grange Organization to protect farmers Sponsor candidates, create legislation, and take legal action to regulate freight rates and protect farmers and consumers Supreme Court forces issue on the Federal Government Wabash v. Illinois National government has responsibility for regulation of interstate trade Leads to the creation of Interstate Commerce Commission Interstate Commerce Act Congress gets the power to regulate railroads Will this fix the issue? Panic of 1893 Financial problems of the Railroads cause largest depression ever (up to then!)

37. Industrial Consolidation: Iron & Steel Firms

38. New Financial Businessman The Broker: * J. Pierpont Morgan

39. New Business Culture Laissez Faire  the ideology of the Industrial Age. * Individual as a moral and economic ideal. * Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace. * The market was not man-made or invented. * No room for government in the market! * Individual as a moral and economic ideal. * Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace. * The market was not man-made or invented. * No room for government in the market!

40. Social Darwinism × British economist. × Advocate of laissez-faire. × Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans. × Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.” × British economist. × Advocate of laissez-faire. × Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans. × Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.” Herbert Spencer

41. Social Darwinism in America William Graham Sumner Folkways (1906) $ Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail. $ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile! $ Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail. $ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!

42. New Business Culture: “The American Dream?” Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic” * Horatio Alger [100+ novels] Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??

43. The Gospel of Wealth: Religion in the Era of Industrialization Russell H. Conwell $ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad. $ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help the poor. $ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad. $ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help the poor.

44. “ On Wealth” Andrew Carnegie $ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior. $ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901). $ Inequality is inevitable and good. $ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.” $ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior. $ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901). $ Inequality is inevitable and good. $ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

45. Regulating the Trusts 1877  Munn. v. IL Decides a private company can be regulated in the public interest 1886  Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. IL 1890  Sherman Antitrust Act * in “restraint of trade” * “rule of reason” loophole 1895  US v. E. C. Knight Co. Decides E.C. Knight diversified enough to avoid violating Sherman Act 1877  Munn. v. IL Decides a private company can be regulated in the public interest 1886  Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. IL 1890  Sherman Antitrust Act * in “restraint of trade” * “rule of reason” loophole 1895  US v. E. C. Knight Co. Decides E.C. Knight diversified enough to avoid violating Sherman Act