1. AP Psychology: Review April 28, 2010 Ms. Simon

2. Social Psychology Define

3. Do Now 1)How many days until the AP exam?

4. AP Examination 100 Questions, 70 minutes 2 Free Response, 50 minutes

5. AIM: How can we study the history and approaches to psychology?

6. Origins of Psychology Mind-body dualism the philosophy that mental and physical phenomena are separate Mind-body Monism- the philosophy that mind and body are one

7. The study of psychology exists in a series of waves…

8. Waves Wave One: Introspection Wave Two: Gestalt Wave Three: Psychoanalysis Wave Four: Behaviorism Humanist Perspective Biological/Evolutionary Sociocultural

9. Problem: An 8-year old student is having behavioral problems at school. He is unusually aggressive and disruptive, often bullying other students. He spends most of his time alone, watching television. His mother has two jobs and his father died when he was young.

10. Wave One: Structuralism

11. Wave One: Introspection Introspection record cognitive reactions to simple stimuli Wilhelm Wundt structuralism Functionalism Mind combines subjective emotions and objective sensations William James

12. Wave Two: Gestalt Max Wertheimer Gestalt psychology: the whole is more than the sum of its parts

13. Wave Three: Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Unconscious mind Repression Defense mechanisms Jung, Adler, Horney

14. Wave Four: Behaviorism Watson and Pavlov Behavior must be observable Learned Responses

15. Humanistic Perspective Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Free will Potential for personal growth

16. Evolutionary Genes, hormones, neurotransmitters Biopsychology Natural Selection

17. Sociocultural Examines cultural difference to understand behavior Martin Seligman

18. April 29, 2010 AP Psychology Review

19. Final Studying Techniques Recommended units to review: –Perception –Sensation –Neurobiology –Language

20. AIM: How can we review research methods and biological psychology?

21. Research Methods Theories: organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena Hypothesis: prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related Replication: repetition of the methods used in a previous experiment to see whether the same methods will yield the same results

22. Research Methods Independent Variable: the factor the researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment Dependent Variable: the behavior or mental process that is measured in an experiment or quasi-experiment Operational Definition: a description of the procedure used to quantify data Constants vs. Controls Random Sampling vs Random Assignment

23. Research Methods: Design an experiment. Watching violent television programs makes children more aggressive

24. Research Methods Experiment Quasi-Experiment Naturalistic Observation Surveys Case Studies

25. Biases Demand characteristics cues about the purpose of the study Experimenter Bias- researchers treat experimental and control groups differently Counterbalancing: participants serve as their own control group

26. Central Tendency Mode, Median, Mean Z scores= measure the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation Correlational coefficient= measure of correlation P value- smaller the better (more significant results)

27. APA Ethical Guidelines Basically, don’t hurt babies!

28. Biological Bases of Behavior

29. B. Brain Frontal- Parietal- Occipital- Temporal-

30. Cerebrum Major portion of brain Many convolution/folds Intelligence, learning and judgment

31. Cerebellum Coordinates motor movement and balance

32. Brain Stem Regulates breathing, Heart rate

33. Thalamus and Hypothalamus Thalamus= sensory Switchboard Hypothalamus- regulates Hunger, thirst, libido Endocrine system

34. Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic= “automatic” controls smooth muscles, heart, and glands Somatic= controls skeletal muscles

35. Sympathetic versus Parasympathetic

36. Neurotransmitters Table 3.1

37. Studying the Brain EEGs CAT MRI PET

38. Sensation Transduction- converting stimulus into sensory perception Sensory Adaptation: decreasing responsiveness to a constant stimulus Sensory Habituation: perception of stimulus decreases when we are less focused on specific stimulus