1. WORKSHOP ON VEHICLE EXHAUST PARTICULATE EMISSION MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Zissis Samaras Lab of Applied Thermodynamics Aristotle University Greece The EU DG TREN “Particulates” Project: Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles

2. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 The “PARTICULATES” project team ” PARTICULATES „ Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions From Road Vehicles A 5 FP European research programme sponsored by the Directorate General on TRansport and ENergy Partners: Associate partners: Aristotle University (GR) – Coord. Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) Volvo (S) Dekati (FIN) Tampere University (FIN) Stockholm Univ. (S) EMPA (CH) Athens Uni. (GR) AEAT (UK) TRL (UK) IFP (F) INERIS (F) AVL (AUT) LWA (UK) MTC (S) Graz University (AUT) Aachen University (D) Consultants JRC (NL) D. Kittelson G. Reischl

3. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 The “PARTICULATES” targets  Definition of the exhaust aerosol properties which will be examined and evaluation of available measurement instruments and techniques  Development and introduction of a harmonised protocol for the definition of exhaust aerosol sampling conditions  Examination of the particulate emissions of current light duty vehicles and heavy duty engines  Investigation of the influence of engine technology, fuel quality and after- treatment on particulate emissions

4. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Main Issues in Particle Analysis  Issue 1: What to measure? … instrument  Particle property  Size range  Resolution (time, size)  Applicability / cost  Issue 2: How to measure? … sampling method  Dilution factor  Residence time  Temperature  Relative humidity  Hydrocarbon concentration of background air  Decisions taken based on :  Requirements from health and environment experts  Potential for evaluation of technology measures

5. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Issue 1 Particle characteristics to be measured  Mass emissions (PM 10, PM 2.5, PM 1 …)  Number emissions in relation to size including both accumulation and nucleation mode (0,01 µm to 10 µm)  Nature and morphology  solid, liquid part  surface area  Chemical composition  Elemental & total organic carbon  PAHs (in particular benzo(a)pyrene)  Metals

6. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Issue 2 How to measure Sampling Parameters Dilution Parameter:Dil. air temperature

7. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Issue 2 How to measure Sampling Parameters Dilution Parameter:Dilution Ratio

8. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Issue 2 How to measure Sampling Parameters Dilution Parameter:Residence Time

9. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Issue 2 How to measure Sampling Parameters Dilution Parameter:RH of dilution air

10. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Issue 2 How to measure Fuel effects Fuel Effect:Sulphur concentration

11. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Issue 2 How to measure Vehicle effects Vehicle Effect:History effects

12. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Issue 2 How to measure Selection of sampling parameters  Similarity to atmospheric dilution  Potential to form nucleation mode  Small sensitivity to change of parameters  Feasibility to reach at the lab DR: 12.5:1 DT: 32°C RT: 1 ms+ stabilisation (~3s)

13. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Sampling Configuration Example: Diesel engine emissions Ageing Chamber 2-stage ejector Dilutor Dilution Air Line Sample Line Silica GelCharcoal Filter Ejector Dilutor Heater Denuder Mass Flow Controller ELPI SMPS Diffusion Charger Cooling Agent Line Fdddg kjlk TEOM DR 12 : 1 T 30 - 40°C RT 1 ms Pump Throttle Valve Grav. Impactor DR 120 : 1 T amb RT 2.5 s DR 1200 : 1 T amb RT 2.8 s DR 120 : 1 T 40°C RT 3.5 s

14. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002

16. Dilution ratio fluctuation Golf TDI

17. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Example of properties determination in a single run  Total “active” surface [RT]  Total particle number [RT]  Surface and number give mean size [RT]  Size segregated solid particle number [RT]  Solids particle mass [RT]  Gaseous pollutants [RT]  Particle mass (VF/nVF) - CVS [CYCLE]  Mass weighted size distribution [CYCLE]  Number weighted size distribution[SS]   RT: Real Time   CYCLE: Mean value over cycle   SS: Steady State

18. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Example of protocol application Two stroke Motorcycles Active Surface

19. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Example of protocol application Motorcycle emissions Concentration of totals/solids

20. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Example of protocol application Diesel test cars Emission Standard Euro 0 Euro I Euro III Model Year 198519962001 Vehicle Type Mercedes 250D VW Golf TDIRenault Laguna dCi Engine Type Turbocharged pre-chamber Turbocharged direct injection with EGR Common rail direct injection with EGR Capacity2,5 l1,9 l After- treatment None Pre cat and main oxidation catalysts Fuel used: Diesel 2000 specs (<350 ppm S)

21. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 PM concentration and diffusion active surface of emitted aerosol Data from: NEDC + Hot UDC+ 2 steady state speeds

22. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Number concentration and median size (based on electrical mobility) of particles in the range 7 nm – 1  m Concentration: NEDC + Hot UDC+ 2 steady state speeds Size: SMPS over steady state tests only

23. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 SMPS distributions over constant speeds Ranges: confidence interval from six measurements.

24. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 ELPI number concentration and median size of solid particles in the range 30 nm – 1  m Data from: NEDC + Hot UDC+ 2 steady state speeds

25. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Solid particle distribution with the ELPI Cycle: Hot UDC Ranges correspond to minimum and maximum of six measurements.

26. CRC Workshop San Diego, 21 Oct 2002 Summary and outlook  A commonly agreed test procedure was developed, addressing sampling and dilution conditions  A test protocol was also developed based on the selected instruments  Collection of all data is being conducted using common formats and methodologies  A large number of test vehicles and fuels is being tested  Results are expected in the middle of 2003