1. Chapter 10: World War I (the Great War) 1914-1920

2. Key Vocabulary Terms
Militarism – the belief that a nation needs a large military force
Central Powers – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Allied Powers (Allies) – Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and seven other countries
Trench warfare – tunnels dug to protect soldiers during battle, often rat infested

3. U-boats – German submarines
Woodrow Wilson – U.S. President during WWI
Neutrality – refusing to take sides in a war
Zimmerman telegram – a German telegram trying to get Mexico to join the Central Powers, in return Germany would help Mexico reclaim its “lost” territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
John J. Pershing – U.S. General in France
American Expeditionary Force (AEF) – a separate U.S. force fighting in WWI

4. Convoy system – a heavy guard of destroyers escort merchant ships across the Atlantic in groups, trying to avoid U-boat attacks
Second Battle of the Marne – turning point of the war, summer 1918
Armistice – an end to fighting
War bonds – civilians loan money to the gov't, in return they get interest back
Propaganda – advertising trying to influence opinions and actions of others
Espionage and Sedition Acts – illegal to criticize the war, fines and prison time

5. Great Migration – 500,000 African Americans moved to the North to escape poverty and violence between 1910 and 1920
League of Nations – international organization to solve differences through negotiation
Fourteen Points – President Wilson's speech to Congress about his plans for peace
Treaty of Versailles – peace treaty formally ending WWI, blamed Germany for the war
Reparations – money paid by the losing country of a war to pay for the destruction
Red Scare – panic from fear of communism

6. WWI Timeline
1914 – Archduke Ferdinand assassinated (WWI begins) and Panama Canal opens
1915 – Lusitania sunk by German U-boat
1916 – Wilson reelected
1917 – Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany
1918 – Wilson suggests League of Nations, Russia withdraws from WWI, Allies win war
1919 – Treaty of Versailles is signed

7. Causes of WWI
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife started the Great War, or World War I, but it had four other main causes:
Imperialism – Britain, France, Italy and Germany wanted to expand their territories
Nationalism – Europeans were very proud, loyal, and protective of their own countries and wanted to prove they were the best

8. Two groups of alliances formed:
Militarism – belief that a country needs a strong military, major powers built up their armies and navies
Alliances – relying on others to come to your aid in a time of need, most countries in Europe had alliances so any small incident could start a large-scale war
Two groups of alliances formed:
Central Powers – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
Allied Powers (Allies) – Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and others

9. Trench Warfare
Trench warfare helped to protect the soldiers by keeping them partially covered but also made the fighting last longer
Trenches were often rat infested
Even though millions of lives were lost at battles like the Marne and the Somme, each side only gained a few miles of territory
Trenches stretched for miles across Europe

10. New Technology
Tanks were invented by the British which could crash through barbed wire and roll over trenches
Machine guns helped soldiers fire over 600 bullets per minute
Poison gases were used by both sides and killed or injured thousands of soldiers
U-boats (submarines) were invented by Germany which allowed them to sneak attack other ships in the water

11. Lusitania
The British ship the Lusitania was sunk while carrying ammunition for the Allies and American citizens
Germany had warned Americans not to travel on the ocean – U-boat attacks

12. Neutrality Turns To War
President Woodrow Wilson had announced a policy of neutrality for the U.S. in the war
Germany sent a coded telegram to Mexico asking them to join the Central Powers, but the British found the message and warned the United States
With the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram, he decided the U.S. needed to defend themselves

13. Americans Join the Allies
Russians had withdrawn from the Allied Powers and the Germans (Central Powers) were winning
In 1918, over one million U.S. troops went to help the French fight against the Germans
Second Battle of the Marne was the turning point of the war, the Allies were able to push the Germans back and take control of the war
By November 1918, Germans stopped fighting, the Kaiser stepped down, and they signed an armistice (11a.m., 11/11)

14. Home Front Life at home changed when men left jobs to fight in Europe
Women began working in factories and railroad freight yards, they also grew “victory gardens” which allowed more food to be sent to the soldiers
School children gathered materials that were used to make war goods and rolled bandages for injured soldiers

15. Advertising and Suspicion
President Wilson made a committee to create war supporters, they made suggestive advertisements called propaganda – posters to encourage support for the war and war efforts
The Espionage and Sedition Acts were a result of suspicion of German people and products
These laws made it illegal to criticize the war or help draft resisters (avoiding war), long prison terms and large fines

16. Great Migration
African Americans moved from the South to Northern factories to find jobs
They were also leaving discrimination, poverty, and racial violence
Between 1910 and 1920, 500,000 African Americans moved from the South to cities like New York, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and St. Louis
The Southwest was also growing during this time, Mexicans were looking for work and escaping a revolution in Mexico

17. Legacy of World War I
President Wilson gave a speech of his ideas for peace, it was named for the fourteen points he had
The last of Wilson's points was to create an international peace keeping organization, which was created and called the League of Nations
The Treaty of Versailles formally ended the war and placed all of the blame on Germany, it also required them to pay reparations – money to repay the winners

18. Tension Builds...Again
Germany grew angry over the Treaty of Versailles over the next few years
Labor strikes in the United States after the war created a fear of communist activities and a fear of communism called the Red Scare
Palmer raids were going on all over, police would barge in looking for radicals
African Americans that fought in WWI came home to find they still had no respect or equality in the country they fought for