2. Can drivers teach themselves? Ian Edwards Director eDriving Solutions

3. Can Drivers Really Teach Themselves? Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd By Ian Edwards

4. Today’s discussion... The role of self-assessment in driver development The role learner centred / coaching approaches have in this process An approach to measuring self- assessment But first a question for you Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd

5. Do we learn from experience? Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd What would a driver learn here?

6. The Goals for Driver Education Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd LevelKnowledge and Skills Risk increasing Factors Self-evaluation Level V Social Environmental Culture, legislation, enforcement, sub-cultures, social groups, group values and norms Little or no understanding of how cultural / sub- cultural issues impact on driving. How culture/ impacts on driving decisions / judgements Level IV Goals for life and skills for living Lifestyle, age, group, culture, social position etc. v.s driving behaviour Sensation seeking, group norms, peer pressure Introspective competence, own preconditions, impulse control Level III Goals and context of driving Modal choice, choice of time, role of motives, route planning Alcohol, fatigue, low friction, rush hours, young passengers Own motives influencing choices, self-critical thinking Level II Driving in traffic Traffic rules, cooperation, hazard perception, Automation Disobeying rules, tailgating, low friction, vulnerable road users Calibration of driving skills, own driving style Level I Vehicle control Car functioning, protection systems, vehicle control, physical laws No seatbelts, breakdown of vehicle system, worn- out tyres Calibration of car control skills by Keskinen et al 2010 NORBIT Conference

7. Why is self-evaluation seen as being important? The third column (“self-evaluation”) refers to a process whereby an individual tries to get feedback on his or her personal actions from within the self. In the context of driving it is a matter of becoming, or wanting to become aware of personal preconditions and tendencies as well as skills and abilities regarding manoeuvring, coping in traffic, planning of driving, and life in general. In short, being able to perceive realistically one’s own role for the success of a driving situation. Not only is self-evaluation seen as an important tool in driver training but also in the development of driving skills after training. (Engström et al, 2003, p.56) The third column (“self-evaluation”) refers to a process whereby an individual tries to get feedback on his or her personal actions from within the self. In the context of driving it is a matter of becoming, or wanting to become aware of personal preconditions and tendencies as well as skills and abilities regarding manoeuvring, coping in traffic, planning of driving, and life in general. In short, being able to perceive realistically one’s own role for the success of a driving situation. Not only is self-evaluation seen as an important tool in driver training but also in the development of driving skills after training. (Engström et al, 2003, p.56) The third column (“self-evaluation”) refers to a process whereby an individual tries to get feedback on his or her personal actions from within the self. In the context of driving it is a matter of becoming, or wanting to become aware of personal preconditions and tendencies as well as skills and abilities regarding manoeuvring, coping in traffic, planning of driving, and life in general. In short, being able to perceive realistically one’s own role for the success of a driving situation. Not only is self-evaluation seen as an important tool in driver training but also in the development of driving skills after training. (Engström et al, 2003, p.56) The third column (“self-evaluation”) refers to a process whereby an individual tries to get feedback on his or her personal actions from within the self. In the context of driving it is a matter of becoming, or wanting to become aware of personal preconditions and tendencies as well as skills and abilities regarding manoeuvring, coping in traffic, planning of driving, and life in general. In short, being able to perceive realistically one’s own role for the success of a driving situation. Not only is self-evaluation seen as an important tool in driver training but also in the development of driving skills after training. (Engström et al, 2003, p.56) The third column (“self-evaluation”) refers to a process whereby an individual tries to get feedback on his or her personal actions from within the self. In the context of driving it is a matter of becoming, or wanting to become aware of personal preconditions and tendencies as well as skills and abilities regarding manoeuvring, coping in traffic, planning of driving, and life in general. In short, being able to perceive realistically one’s own role for the success of a driving situation. Not only is self-evaluation seen as an important tool in driver training but also in the development of driving skills after training. (Engström et al, 2003, p.56) The third column (“self-evaluation”) refers to a process whereby an individual tries to get feedback on his or her personal actions from within the self. In the context of driving it is a matter of becoming, or wanting to become aware of personal preconditions and tendencies as well as skills and abilities regarding manoeuvring, coping in traffic, planning of driving, and life in general. In short, being able to perceive realistically one’s own role for the success of a driving situation. Not only is self-evaluation seen as an important tool in driver training but also in the development of driving skills after training. (Engström et al, 2003, p.56) Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd

8. Self-evaluation Self- monitoring Self - development Self-analysis Self – identification Self – evaluation Edwards I., (2010) NORBIT Conference, Finland © eDriving Solutions Ltd

9. Self-monitoring and identification This refers to the ability of the driver to monitor their driving and identify learning triggers These could include: – A near collision – Sudden braking – Sudden steering – Being taken by surprise by the actions of another road user – A positive response by another driver – Etc. Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd

10. Self-analysis and correction This refers to the ability of the driver to constructively analyse the identified issue(s) and develop a suitable self-development plan Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd Self- monitoring Self – identification Self-analysis Self - development

11. The HERMES definition Coaching is a learner centred approach that engages body, mind, and emotions to develop inner and outer awareness and responsibility through an equal relationship between the learner and coach

12. Coaching terms Learner Centred Reduces barriers to learning Non- judgemental Awareness Problem solving Relationship of equals Responsibility Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd

13. Buckingham County Council Bucks CC have helped us to start the development of a tool to measure self- evaluation skills As part an evaluation of their Get in Gear post-test driver intervention Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd

14. The measure

15. Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd Instructors N = 99, M = 4.74 Novice drivers: N = 32, M = 7.03 t = -4.522., df = 129., P = 0.001

16. Analysis Benchmarking of 20 clips – Clips shown to driving instructors (N = 99) and novice drivers (N= 32) Of the 20 clips shown the ADI group rated 7 significantly (p<.05) different to the novice driver group. In all clips the ADI group gave a lower rating than the novice driver group Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd

17. Next Steps Assess the results of the clips against a validated measure, for this we are using the Driver Attitude Questionnaire (Reason et al, 1990) Report results Develop the measure further Thank you and thank you to Bucks CC for their support Copyright © eDriving Solutions Ltd