1. Goal:  I will be able to explain what relative and absolute age are and how we determine them.  I will be able to explain the Law of Superposition, including inclusions and exclusions. Essential Question:  What is radioactive dating and how is it used?

2. 1. Which layer (with a letter) is the oldest and how do you know? 2. If G is an intrusion, what do you know about the relative ages of G and C? 3. What could have caused part of layer E to be missing?

3. RADIOACTIVE DATING

4. What is Radioactive Decay? Uniformitarianism  Geological processes that occur today also occurred in the past  Without it, we couldn’t determine much about the past

5. What is Radioactive Decay? Radioactive Decay Half-Life  Process in which radioactive elements break down, releasing particles & energy  Atoms of 1 element break down to form another element  Rate of decay never changes  Time it takes for half of radioactive atoms to decay

6. What is a Half-Life? Half-Life The half-life of a radioactive element is the amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay. What pattern do you see in the graph?

7. Half-Lives  Almost always need to make a chart to visualize Original Rock 1 Half Life2 Half Lives 3 Half Lives 4 Half Lives

8. What is Radioactive Dating? Radioactive Dating  Radioactive elements occur in igneous rocks  Rate of decay tells absolute age of rocks  Longer Half-Lives allow dating of older items  Scientists:  Determine how much of the radioactive element is in rock  Compare with how much of the stable element it breaks down into there is  Calculate age of rock See page 541 for an in-depth discussion of this process

9. What is Radioactive Dating? Carbon-14 Dating  All plants and animals contain Carbon-14  Breaks down as organism decays  Short half-life (5,730 years) which allows it to be used for younger specimens  Can only be used on specimens containing carbon (like a real bone, not a dino “bone” that has been mineralized)

10. What is the Half Life of Carbon-14?  The Half life of Carbon is about 5,730 years.

11. What about rocks?  IGNEOUS rocks contain radioactive isotopes in a predictable ratio when they cool.  Many of these have very long half-lives (on the order of millions of years)  Layers of igneous deposits (ash, lava, etc.) can be used to bracket the age of fossils found in between them

12. Half Lives Percentage of Radioactive Material in Rock Number of Half Lives 100% - 50%1 50% - 25%2 25% - 12.5 %3 12.5% - 6.25%4 6.25% - 3.126%5 Element Brennan is found in an igneous rock and we are trying to determine the rocks age. We know Brennan’s half life is approximately 3,000 years and that the rock is currently 25% radioactive. How old is the rock? 75% decayed 94% decayed 87.5% decayed 50% decayed 50% Radio- active 25% r-a 12.5% 6% 100% Radioactive Igneous Rock One Half Life Two Half Lives Three Half LivesFour Half Lives Element Brennan is found in an igneous rock and we are trying to determine the rocks age. We know Brennan’s half life is approximately 3,000 years and that the rock is currently 6.25% radioactive. How old is the rock? Element Brennan is found in an igneous rock and we are trying to determine the rocks age. We know Brennan’s half life is approximately 3,000 years and that the rock is currently 50% radioactive. How old is the rock?

13. Half-Lives Last Practice Question: A rock contains a radioactive element with a half life of 100 million years. Tests show that the element in the rock has gone through three half lives. How old is the rock? 3 X 100 million = 300 million years old!

14. Relative vs. Absolute Dating Ash layer Lava layer

15. How do we determine Earth’s age?  Radioactive dating of rocks on Earth and the moon  Hard on Earth because rocks have changed  Oldest rock on Earth 3.8-4.28 billion years old – Not accurate  Rocks on moon haven’t changed and were formed at same time as Earth – 4.6 billion years old