1. CHEMISTRY & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
STUDY GUIDE

2. Define “Chemistry” science that deals with the composition & properties of matter & the way that matter reacts with each other
Define “element” matter consisting of only 1 kind of atom
Define “chemical symbol” abbreviation for the element name
Matter= mass- quantity or amount of an object
volume-space an object takes up

3. Write the chemical symbol for the following elements:
*Carbon____
*Hydrogen _____
*Oxygen_____
*Nitrogen_____
*Phosphorous_____
*Potassium_____
*Sodium_____
*Chlorine_____
*Calcium_____
*Magnesium_____

4. Write the chemical symbol for the following elements:
*Carbon C
*Hydrogen H
*Oxygen O
*Nitrogen N
*Phosphorous P
*Potassium K
*Sodium Na
*Chlorine Cl
*Calcium Ca
*Magnesium Mg

5. Define “chemical reaction”
Define “chemical reaction”. A combination of atoms that occurs so greater stability occurs. Atoms will gain/lose/or share electrons for the purpose of achieving stability.
Explain the following chemical reactions:
H2 + O2 H2O
the reactants are ____________
the product is _______________

6. EXPLAIN 6CO2 + 6H20 →C6H12O6 + 6O2 light
The reactants are _______________
The products are________________
Define “compound”. Matter composed of 2 or more types of elements—ionic bond
Define “molecule”. Matter composed of 2 or more atoms of elements—covalent bond. The smallest part of a compound where atoms are bonded covalently
Salt has a chemical formula that is NaCl; is salt an element? Explain. An element is 1 kind of atom Na & Cl are 2 different elements

7. Chemical reactions that RELEASE energy are called exothermic.
Write the chemical formula for the following compounds (abbreviation for a compound):
Water ___________________
Glucose__________________
Carbon dioxide_____________
Chemical reactions that RELEASE energy are called exothermic.
Chemical reactions that REQUIRE energy are called endothermic.
The Chemistry of LIVING things is called organic chemistry.

8. Types of Chemistry
Organic— compounds contain the element Carbon except for the compound CO2.
Inorganic—compounds that DO NOT contain the element Carbon.

9. The 4 most abundant ELEMENTS in living things are C, H, O, and N.
The most abundant ELEMENT in living things is Carbon.
The most abundant COMPOUND in living things is H2O.

10. Types of MIXTURES—define
a. Solution: homogeneous-best mixed-
uniform in color; transparent
b. Suspension: heterogeneous- most particles
settle out upon standing; not
evenly mixed
c. Colloid: homogeneous mixture-always cloudy; particles
never settle out; can’t see light
through it
Draw the particle size for:
Solution Colloid Suspension

11. Determine the type of MIXTURE for each of the following:
Dirt in water__________
Sugar dissolved in hot tea____________
Egg white____________
Fog_______________
Salad dressing___________
Orange juice with pulp_________
Milk (homogenized)__________
Blood____________&______________ explain
Guntersville lake___________&___________explain

12. Determine the type of MIXTURE for each of the following:
Dirt in water-suspension
Sugar dissolved in hot tea-solution
Egg white-colloid
Fog-colloid
Salad dressing-suspension
Orange juice with pulp-suspension
Milk (homogenized)-colloid
Blood-solution&-suspension explain:
food dissolved in blood blood & plasma
Guntersville lake-solution & suspension explain:
oxygen dissolved dirt suspended

13. Parts of a solution
*solute: part that is dissolved (usually a solid)
*solvent: part that does the dissolving (usually a liquid)
A solution may become SUPERSATURATED. Explain. Sponge- ground after heavy rain-there is too much solute for the solvent-it is impossible for the solution to remain homogeneous-some solute will settle out.

14. For the following SOLUTIONS, indicate the part that is the solute and the part that is the solvent:
Coffee granules in water: coffee is the solute; Water is the solvent
Fingernail polish remover dissolves fingernail polish: Fingernail polish remover is the solvent; fingernail polish is the solute.
Gojo hand cleaner dissolves grease on our hands: Gojo is the solvent; grease is the solute.
Ammonium hydroxide in water: Ammonium hydroxide is the solute; water is the solvent
30 ml of 95% alcohol dissolves 0.3 g of methylene blue dye: 95% alcohol is the solvent; methylene blue dye is the solute.

15. Water is called the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT. Types of SOLUTIONS:
*Acid-define: has more H+ than OH-
*Base-define: has more OH- than H+
*Neutral-define: has = OH- and H+
H+ is called hydrogen ion; OH- is called hydroxide ion
Determine whether the following solutions are ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL
HCLH Cl-
NaOHNa OH-
H2OH OH-
KOH K OH-
NH3 H+ + NO3
Determine whether the following solutions are ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL based on observable characteristics: (Acids=sour; base=bitter/slick)
Aspirin acid
Soap base
Lemon juice acid
Milk neutral

16. When a strong acid and a strong base are mixed, a neutral material is formed in what is called a neutralization reaction.
The pH scale measures the relative concentration of H+ and OH- in a material (its strength as an ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL material.)
A pH value of LESS than 7 indicates the material is a/n ACID BASE NEUTRAL
A pH value of MORE than 7 indicates the material is a/n ACID BASE NEUTRAL
A pH value of 7 indicates the material is a/n ACID BASE NEUTRAL
Most CELLS have a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5

17. Determine whether the following pH is a strong Acid/ weak Acid/ strong Base/ weak Base/ Neutral material:
pH=2.3 strong acid
pH=7 neutral
pH=13.4 strong base
pH=8.2 weak base
pH=6.1 weak acid

18. Determine whether the following is an ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL material:
Blue Litmus paper and Red Litmus paper end up RED after they are placed in a solution acid
Blue Litmus paper and Red Litmus paper end up BLUE after they are placed in a solution base
Blue Litmus paper stays BLUE and Red Litmus paper stays RED after they are placed in solution neutral