1. Piedmont and Blue Ridge Crystalline rocks with glacial cover

2. Paleozoic history of southern Piedmont From Hatcher

4. http://geoweb.gg.utk.edu/Geology/Faculty/Hatcher/Hatcher.html

7. Metamorphic and igneous rock Sandstone and diabase in rift basins Limestone

8. Piedmont Chimney rock Blue Ridge Province

9. flow through fractures

11. Transition Fractured metamorphic and igneous rock Saprolite

12. Gneiss, schist bedrock Granite or other intrusive bedrock Distinct transition Gradational transition

13. Storage and transmission properties High porosity S y ? porosity Low storage 10 -5 10 -4 cm/s

14. Saprolite sampled at different depths. Measure density and chemical composition. S.G. decreases from 2.1 in rock to 1.6 in shallow saprolite. S.G. decreases as minerals are altered and mass is removed. 0.5 gm/cc removed during weathering. Chemical concentrations indicate S.G. change largely due to weathering of feldspar to kaolinite as a two-stage reaction.

16. Porosity Specific yield K cm/sec Granitic Gneiss0.0150.0073.47E-08 Mica Schist0.0280.0171.74E-09 Hornblende-feldspar gneiss0.00701.74E-09 Quartzite0.0220.0121.39E-09 Amphibolite0.020.0171.39E-09 Laboratory determinations of properties of crystalline rocks. from Randall and others 1966

19. Saprolite thickness Typically 50 ft, but variable 10-100 ft w.t. 20-60 ft bgs Frx zones in valleys Flat-lying frx

21. Saprolite thickness Greatest over valley or highland? Could be either

22. Ground watersheds

24. Open Hole Multi-level completion

28. Important: Exception to the Conceptual Model

30. Specific capacity Well Performance and Lineaments

32. Lineaments

33. Effects of lineaments on well yields in the Piedmont Other effects of location on well yield Factor of 2 to 7 difference in yield Factors from 3 to 25 between valley and hill

34. Well yields in different rock types and regions in the Piedmont 15-30 gpm typical Roughly 20 gpm

36. Effects of well depth and diameter on yield in the Piedmont. Based on Daniels

37. Glaciated crystalline rocks in northern Appalachians

38. Other Hydrogeologic Settings in the Piedmont

41. Stockton Fm. Lockatong Fm. Passaic Fm. Orange Mt. Basalt Feltville Fm. Preakness Basalt Towaco Fm. Hook Mt. Basalt Boonton Fm. Conglomerates Palisade sill

43. Newark Basin, NJ Mesozoic Basins Sandstone aquifers Shale confining units Redbeds in the Hartford Basin, Conn Conglomerate Basalt Arkose

45. Carbonate rock aquifers

46. Water Chemistry Reminder Major Cations: Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ Major Anions: HCO 3 -, Cl -,SO 4 2- TDS: Total Dissolved Solids MCL= 500 mg/l Values: Fresh < 1000 mg/l; brackish 1000-10,000; saline; 10,000-100,000 mg/l Seawater: 35,000 mg/l Hardness: Ca and Mg scaled to Ca on a meq basis –Soft water < 60 mg/l total hardness –Use water softener= 80-100 mg/l –Very hard >150 mg/l

47. Milliequivalent Charges/volumes Concmg millimol evalencecharge meqmillimole charge liter Mole weight mgliter

48. Water quality in Crystalline Rock aquifers

49. Crystalline rock Triassic Basin Carbonate rock meq/L

50. Crystalline Rock Triassic Basins Carbonate Aquifers

52. SC, GA, Al =100 Mgpd