1. Intelligence Give a definition of intelligence that you could defend, explaining why you believe you could defend it. Give examples of ways your definition of intelligence might be measured and skills people might have who would do well on those measures. Describe how you would differentiate measures of intelligence from measures of achievement.

2. Intelligence Suppose you were asked to give a talk to parents and educators on the topic “Can IQ scores be raised?” You are asked to discuss both the hereditarian and environmental aspects of the issue. What would your arguments be for both a strong hereditarian position AND a strong environmentalist position? Be certain to give specific suggestions from an environmental perspective on how IQ could be raised. Developed by W. Huitt, 1999

3. E. G. Boring Definitions of Intelligence Whatever intelligence tests measure D. Wechsler The global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his/her environment Psychology textbooks The general ability to perform cognitive tasks Weschler, D. (1939). The measurement of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

4. Behaviorally- oriented definition Definitions of Intelligence The capacity to learn from experience or the capacity to adapt to one's environment R. Sternberg The cognitive ability to learn from experience, to reason well, to remember important information, and to cope with the demands of daily living Sternberg, R. (1988). The triarchic mind: A new theory of human intelligence. New York: Viking.

5. Definitions of Intelligence APA Task Force Ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought APA Task Force. (1996, February). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist.

6. Psychometric Approaches to Intelligence Focus on the measurement of intelligence Assumes normal distribution Multiple Forms Gardner Sternberg

7. Developmental Approaches to Intelligence Piaget Vygotsky Brain/ neurophysiology Brain metabolism Brain imaging

8. Psychometric Approach Based on an assumption of normal distribution

9. Psychometric Approach Focus is on developing measures that predict academic performance Some researchers are critical of this approach while others believe it has proven its correctness Major issue: What is it we want to know? Predict school success as presently structured Predict life success Develop human potential

10. Stability (Reliability) of IQ Scores IQ measures fairly stable, especially after adolescence r (age 6, age 18) =.77 r (age 12, age 18) =.89 r (averages 5, 6, 7; averages 17, 18) =.86 r (averages 11, 12, 13; averages 17, 18) =.96

11. Predicting With IQ Measures (Validity) IQ measures correlate with academic achievement about r =.5 Successful school learning also depends on: Persistence Interest in school Learning disabilities Encouragement from family, peers, teachers Other factors

12. IQ measures correlate about the same or lower with life success (Social status, Income) r (IQ, social status) =.5 r (IQ, income) =.4 Complex relationship because of impact of education Predicting With IQ Measures (Validity)

13. Factors other than IQ account for more variance when predicting life success (Goleman, 1995; Jencks, 1979) Jencks, C. (1979). Who gets ahead? The determinants of economic success in America. New York: BasicBooks. Predicting With IQ Measures (Validity) Affective/Emotional Factors Conative/Volitional Factors Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ for character, health and lifelong achievement. New York: Bantam.

14. What is the source of intelligence (as measured by IQ) Nature (Biology, genetics) Nuture (Environment, family, schooling, changing economic conditions) Correlations among various group members used to test hypotheses Issue of Nature vs. Nuture

17. Plomin et al. (1990) make the following estimates: Nature Within family Issue of Nature vs. Nuture.50 Between families Error.25.15.10 Plomin, R., DeFries, J., & McClearn, S. (1990). Behavioral genetics: A primer (2nd ed.). New York: Freeman.

18. Nuture’s Influence Stability of IQ measures true only if there are no radical changes in the environment Gains in Appalachia in 1930s Venezuelan Intelligence Project (Herrnstein and others, 1986) Feuerstein’s (1980) Instrumental Enrichment Herrnstein, R., Nickerson, R., de Sanchez, M., Swets, J. (1986). Teaching thinking skills. American Psychologist, 41, 1279-1289. Feuerstein, R. (1980). Instrumental enrichment: An intervention program for cognitive modifiability. Baltimore: University Park Press.

19. Norms must be constantly revised because of continuously rising test scores (Flynn, 1987) Flynn, J. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations. What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191. Average gain about 3 points per decade Nuture’s Influence

21. Norms must be constantly revised because of continuously rising test scores (Flynn, 1987) Flynn, J. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations. What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191. Average gain about 3 points per decade 19-year-olds in Netherlands went up more than 8 points from 1972-1982 Nuture’s Influence

22. Hypotheses for rising IQ scores Daily life and occupational experiences more “complex” Better nutrition Measuring “abstract problem solving ability,” not really intelligence Nuture’s Influence

23. Issue of nature vs. nuture is especially critical for educators: Issue of Nature vs. Nuture If nature, our role is to sort and select If nuture, our role is to develop

24. Of course, the reality is that both are important Issue of Nature vs. Nuture

25. Psychometric Approach Because IQ is a reliable and valid predictor of academic performance and academic performance is related to SES, educators should look at methods that have demonstrated an ability to impact IQ Educators can also look to other theories of intelligence for some ideas about human potential Sternberg Gardner Piaget

26. The End