1. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 1 PERSONALITY & INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE Lecture 4

2. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 2 The study of individual difference Genetic influences Environmental influences Family Culture Experience

3. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 3

4. 4 Nomothetic perspectives Eysenck and the study of personality types: Extroversion Neuroticism Cattell and personality characteristics - 16 factors Including: Warmth Liveliness Sensitivity self-reliance The ‘Big Five model: Extraversion Emotional Stability Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to experience

5. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 5 Idiographic perspectives Cooley The looking-glass self Mead I Me

6. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 6

7. 7 Freud and psychoanalysis There are three levels of mental activity: Unconscious Pre-conscious Conscious The mind consists of three areas: Id Ego Superego The main forms of ego defence mechanism: Sublimation Repression Denial Projection Reaction formation Regression Isolation Undoing

8. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 8 Jung and the cognitive approach Three levels of personality: A conscious level An unconscious level A collective unconscious Four different approaches to information gathering: Sensing Intuiting Thinking Feeling

9. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 9 Murray and personology NeedsPresses Internal statesGeneral traits

10. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 10

11. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 11 Kelly’s personal construct theory Predictive approach to identifying behaviour within a particular environmental context Reflection of a process of reformulation of hypotheses in light of new information Constructs Personal construct system Characteristics relating to use of network of constructs: Personal prediction model Difference in networks of constructs developed Constructs have limited range of application Construct systems are dynamic

12. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 12 Psychometrics Three ways in which tests can measure individual difference: Performance versus standard Norm-referenced measurement Criterion-referenced measurement There are different forms of validity and reliability: Face validity Predictive Construct validity Test/retest reliability Alternative form reliability Split half reliability

13. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 13 Developing psychometric tests Step 1. Initial ideas often emerge from practical need Step 2. The development of appropriate test items is a creative process Step 3. The final forms of the test are developed and the administration arrangements designed Step 4. The standardization and ‘norming’ process Step 5. Reliability and validity analyzes applied to data

14. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 14 Intelligence Guildford (1967) model of intelligence Contents Products Operations Sternberg (1985) information processing-based theory Components Experience Context

15. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 15 Emotional intelligence Dulewicz and Higgs model The drivers The constrainers The enablers

16. For use with MARTIN, ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT 3e ISBN 1-86152-948-1  Copyright © 2005 Cengage Learning 16 Organizational applications of individual difference Recruitment and selection Development Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ) Assessment Centres Marketing Discrimination Stress and bullying The testing business