1. Phoenix Convention Center Phoenix, Arizona Enhancing Electricity Supply Resilience Integrated Energy Operational Resilience and Recovery Jeff Dagle, PE Pacific Northwest National Laboratory August 12, 2015

2. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Outline Historical perspectives on electricity reliability What is “resilience”? The recent emergence of the “smart grid” How smart grid technologies can enhance electricity resilience Research underway to further improve the resilience of the future power system Concluding remarks 2

3. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Operational Priorities 1.Safety (public, workers) 2.Protect equipment from damage 3.Reliability of the bulk interconnected system 4.Optimize the economical operation of the system Reserve Margins Redundancy Backups – Short-term (e.g., uninterruptible power supplies) – Long-term (e.g., diesel generators) 3 Power System Reliability

4. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade “The interconnected power system shall be operated at all times so that general system instability, uncontrolled separation, cascading outages, or voltage collapse will not occur as a result of any single contingency or multiple contingencies of sufficiently high likelihood.” WECC Minimum Operating Reliability Criteria Otherwise known as “N-1” Achieved by: – Generation having sufficient operating reserve, spinning reserve – Strict adherence to transfer capacity limits on the transmission grid Determined through comprehensive planning studies – Operations discipline, detailed procedures, coordination – When all else fails, rely on emergency controls to limit cascading failure (e.g., under frequency load shedding) – If blackout occurs, implement restoration plans (e.g., “Black Start”) 4 Basic Reliability Approach

5. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Early stability problems associated with large power plants remotely located away from metropolitan load centers – Papers on this topic published as early as 1920 Complexity of stability problems increased as systems became interconnected, particularly through 1960s As some stability problems were solved with advanced technology, others were introduced – Example: fast-acting excitation to solve transient stability issues resulted in greater oscillatory instability Computational capability through 1970s-1980s greatly aided ability to study and analyze complex stability problems – Control theory, analytical tools, transient stability software 5 Historical Perspectives on Stability

6. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Large-scale remedial action and special protection schemes introduced to increase interregional power transfer capabilities Introduction of wide area time synchronized measurements beginning in 1980s leading to better situational awareness capabilities today Smart grid technologies that leverage increased utilization of communications and computational capabilities are being increasingly deployed Most customer reliability issues today are related to the local distribution system, not the interconnected transmission grid 6 Historical Perspectives on Stability - Continued

7. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 7 Examples of Major North American Blackouts Uncontrolled Cascading Failures DateLocationLoad Interrupted November 9, 1965Northeast20,000 MW July 13, 1977New York6,000 MW December 22, 1982West Coast12,350 MW March 13, 1989Quebec21,350 MW January 17, 1994California7,500 MW December 14, 1994Wyoming, Idaho9,336 MW July 2, 1996Wyoming, Idaho11,743 MW August 10, 1996Western Interconnection30,489 MW June 25, 1998Midwest950 MW August 14, 2003Northeast61,800 MW September 8, 2011San Diego7,835 MW

8. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Ability to reduce the magnitude and/or duration of disruptive events Resilient infrastructure can anticipate, absorb, adapt to, and/or rapidly recover from a disruptive event Best when all-hazard “disruptive events” include the unenvisioned – All hazards span naturally occurring events such as storms or earthquakes and also include malicious human actions – A well-designed resilient system will either maintain maximum practicable functionality, or enable rapid restoration with minimum downtime, regardless of whether or not that particular event or scenario had been anticipated in the design and planning phase 8 Infrastructure Resilience

9. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade A smart grid uses digital technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric system: from large generation, through the delivery systems to electricity consumers and a growing number of distributed-generation and storage resources. The information networks that are transforming our economy in other areas are also being applied to applications for dynamic optimization of electric system operations, maintenance, and planning. 9 Smart Grid Defined

10. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Demand-side resources participate with distribution equipment in system operation – Consumers engage to mitigate peak demand and price spikes – More throughput with existing assets reduces need for new assets – Enhances reliability by reducing disturbance impacts, local resources self-organize in response to contingencies – Provide demand-side ancillary services – supports wind integration The transmission and bulk generation resources get smarter too – Improve the timeliness, quality, and geographic scope of the operators’ situational awareness and control – Better coordinate generation, balancing, reliability, and emergencies – Utilize high-performance computing, sophisticated sensors, and advanced coordination strategies 10 Smart Grid Vision Bring digital intelligence & real-time communications to transform grid operations

11. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade The smart grid will Enhance situational awareness – Improves visibility of the overall systems – Easier detection of deviations – Decreases time to distinguish attacks/events – Better information enables better decisions Facilitate increased distributed generation and redundancy – Less reliance on central generation and T&D Enable intermittent generation – Integration of renewable resources (minimize reliance on foreign oil) Reduce outage propagation – Self healing characteristics 11 Making the North American electricity system less vulnerable to “all hazard” disruptions

12. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade The smart grid will Allow compartmentalization of disturbances – Through reconfiguration, adaptive islanding, use of microgrids, and failsafe design strategies Facilitates informed decision making and response – Through rapid data visualization from sensors – Faster and more precise identification of event root cause Enable faster response time responding to multiple (or evolving) events – Restoring stakeholder confidence in the system Enhance prioritized power restoration – Based on criticality of loads (i.e., public safety, emergency response, national security) 12 Restoring North American electricity system integrity subsequent to disruptions (i.e. event management)

13. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 13 Grid Friendly™ Appliances Provide Fast, Autonomous Reliability Resource Autonomously detects under- frequency events and sheds load Not disruptive (or even noticeable) to consumers when activiated Can displace spinning reserves and increase reliability Low cost: no communications required Prototype Grid Friendly™ Appliance controllers developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory An example of an innovative technology that is currently being developed and demonstrated:

14. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 14 Communication and Information Technology will be Central to Smart Grid Deployment NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards. Release 1.0 (Draft), September 2009

15. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade The same information and communication technologies that enhance the resilience of the power system may also present a new set of vulnerabilities relating to communications and information technologies associated with the control layer of the physical infrastructure If there are common modes of failure present in these control layers, there will necessarily be challenges to achieving full degrees of resilience in future smart grid deployments Because smart grid technologies transcend the scope of traditional jurisdictional boundaries associated with the bulk electricity system, we cannot rely on existing mandatory cyber security standards and requirements 15 Smart Grid Cyber Security

16. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade The power grid is exceptionally complex, and extraordinarily reliable – Most customer outages are due to issues with radial distribution feeders vs. the networked transmission grid Blackouts provide an opportunity to study and apply lessons learned to further enhance reliability As advanced technology is being considered for deployment, need to consider unintended consequences (e.g., cyber security) Robustness and resiliency are enhanced by considering all threats to the power system – An “all-hazards” approach Facility managers should build relationships with their suppliers to better understand their electrical reliability issues Implement best practice designs to minimize impacts of disruptive events, including redundancy and backup equipment 16 Concluding Remarks