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The Roots of Revolution
Imperialism in China The Roots of Revolution
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China Rejects Trade with West
1500’s – China had strict trade restrictions Emperor Qianlong turned down requests for trading rights Westerners wanted silk, tea, porcelain, etc. 1700’s - Westerners were interested in trading with China China Rejects Trade with West
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2. Industrial Revolution in Europe
Late 1700’s in China Peasants are having a hard time producing enough food Peasant revolts 2. Industrial Revolution in Europe Increased military power to pursue trading rights 1. Qing Dynasty begins to decline Europeans Gain Ground
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Late 1700’s - Britain begins to sell opium from India in China
Many Chinese become addicted Used Chinese silver to pay Chinese government tried to limit drug trade and drug use Harsh punishments for users and smugglers Opium Sale in China
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1839 – Chinese destroy a British shipment of opium (China’s Boston Tea Party)
War breaks out Britain has superior military technology Britain defeats China in the Opium Wars Opium Wars
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Opium Wars (Anglo-Chinese Wars) 1839 - 1842 and 1856 - 1860
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Chinese concessions after Opium Wars
Emperor agreed to pay for destroyed opium Gave Britain territory of Hong Kong Opened other ports to trade with British Westerners gained extraterritoriality Chinese concessions after Opium Wars The Treaty of Nanjing
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An area in which a foreign nation has special economic privileges
Spheres of Influence An area in which a foreign nation has special economic privileges Right to build railroads, factories, etc. Leads to political influence
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Sino-Japanese War Late 1800’s Japan defeats China
Japan is rapidly modernizing and industrializing Japan defeats China Japan wins Formosa (Taiwan) Extends influence over Korea Sino-Japanese War
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Open Door Policy Policy failed
United States called for an “Open Door” Policy in China All nations would have equal access to trade with China Was supposed to prevent European nations from setting up colonies in China Real reason: United States arrived in China after Japan and most European nations had already established their territory Policy failed Open Door Policy
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Loss of territory to foreigners
Peasant Revolts Signs of Weakness
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Taiping Rebellion >20 million killed Dynasty was greatly weakened
>20 million killed Qing dynasty crushed rebellion Dynasty was greatly weakened Marked beginning of decline of the Qing Dynasty Some wanted reforms in government and society Taiping Rebellion
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100 DAYS OF REFORMS Reforms under emperor Guang Xi Government Response
What did the reformers want? Reforms under emperor Guang Xi Factories for modern weapons Sent men abroad to study Updates to civil service exams Western style schools Economic changes Western technology Preservation of Confucian culture 100 DAYS OF REFORMS
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Seized power in 1898 Opposition to Reforms
Ci Xi (Empress) Seized power in 1898 Believed that reforms threatened traditional Confucian order Opposition to Reforms
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Foreign armies in Beijing’s forbidden city
Anti-foreign Chinese formed the Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers) Boxers attacked and killed Chinese Christians and foreigners Western powers crushed Boxers with international army China was now forced to allow foreign troops on Chinese land and warships on the water The Boxer Rebellion
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The End of Imperial Rule
Revolution of 1911 Puyi The Last Qing Emperor China declared itself a republic No organized government from Civil war Country in pieces The End of Imperial Rule
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