1. Ocean Motions Wave Action Tides Ocean Water Chemistry Currents and Climate Table of Contents

2. Ocean Motions What Is a Wave? Most waves form when winds blowing across the water’s surface transmit their energy to the water. - Wave Action

3. Ocean Motions Water Motion Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about water motion. - Wave Action

4. Ocean Motions How Waves Change Near Shore Near shore, wave height increases and wavelength decreases. - Wave Action

5. Ocean Motions How Waves Change Near Shore A tsunami is usually caused by an earthquake beneath the ocean floor. - Wave Action

6. Ocean Motions How Waves Affect the Shore As waves come into shore, water washes up the beach at an angle, carrying sand grains. The water and sand then run straight back down the beach. - Wave Action

7. Ocean Motions What You Know What You Learned Using Prior Knowledge Before you read, look at the section headings and visuals to see what this section is about. Then write what you know about waves in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn. 1.There are waves in the ocean. 2.Wind causes waves. 1.Waves move energy to the shore. 2.Earthquakes cause tsunamis. - Wave Action

8. Ocean Motions Wave Characteristics Click the Video button to watch a movie about wave characteristics. - Wave Action

9. Ocean Motions End of Section: Wave Action

10. Ocean Motions What Causes Tides? Tides are caused by the interaction of Earth, the moon, and the sun. - Tides

11. Ocean Motions What Causes Tides? Spring tides and neap tides are caused by the positions of Earth, the sun, and the moon. - Tides

12. Ocean Motions Plotting Tides This table lists the highest high tides and the lowest low tides for one week at the mouth of the Savannah River, where it meets the Atlantic Ocean in Georgia. - Tides

13. Ocean Motions Plotting Tides Check students’ progress as they make their graphs. The number –1 should occur at the base of the y-axis. Graphing: Use the data in the table to make a graph. On the horizontal axis, mark the days. On the vertical axis, mark tide heights ranging from 3.0 to –1.0 meters. (Hint: Mark the negative numbers below the horizontal axis.) - Tides

14. Ocean Motions Plotting Tides Make certain that students connect the correct points with lines. Graphing: Plot the tide heights for each day on the graph. Connect the high-tide points with one line and the low-tide points with another line. - Tides

15. Ocean Motions Plotting Tides During the first six days, the high-tide value increases steadily while the low-tide value decreases. On day 7, the trends reverse. Interpreting Data: How do the high and low tides change during the week? - Tides

16. Ocean Motions Plotting Tides Spring tide might be occurring on day 6, when there is the greatest difference between high and low tides. Inferring: What type of tide might be occurring on day 6? Explain. - Tides

17. Ocean Motions Previewing Visuals Before you read, preview Figure 11. Then write two questions you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Q. When do spring tides occur? A. During the full and new moon phases Q. What is a neap tide? A. A smaller tide that happens at the first- and third-quarter moons Spring and Neap Tides - Tides

18. Ocean Motions More on Tides Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about tides. - Tides

19. Ocean Motions End of Section: Tides

20. Ocean Motions The Salty Ocean On average, one kilogram of ocean water contains about 25 grams of salts–that is, 35 parts per thousand. - Ocean Water Chemistry

21. Ocean Motions Calculating Density To calculate the density of a substance, divide the mass of the substance by its volume. For example, 1 liter (L) of ocean water has a mass of 1.03 kilograms (kg). Therefore, Density = 1.03 kg/L - Ocean Water Chemistry

22. Ocean Motions Calculating Density Practice Problem A 5-liter sample of one type of crude oil has a mass of 4.10 kg. What is its density? If this oil spilled on the ocean’s surface, would it sink or float? Explain your answer in terms of density. The density is 0.82 kg/L (4.10 kg ÷ 5.00 L). The oil would float on top of the ocean because it is less dense than ocean water. - Ocean Water Chemistry

23. Ocean Motions Changes With Depth Conditions change as you descend to the ocean floor. - Ocean Water Chemistry

24. Ocean Motions Asking Questions Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a how or what question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. How salty is the ocean? Ocean water has an average salt concentration of 35 parts per thousand. How does the ocean change with depth? As you descend, the temperature decreases and the pressure increases. QuestionAnswer Ocean Water Chemistry - Ocean Water Chemistry

25. Ocean Motions Links on Ocean Water Chemistry Click the SciLinks button for links on ocean water chemistry. - Ocean Water Chemistry

26. Ocean Motions End of Section: Ocean Water Chemistry

27. Ocean Motions Surface Currents Surface currents, which affect water to a depth of several hundred meters, are driven mainly by winds. - Currents and Climate

28. Ocean Motions Deep Currents Deep currents are caused by differences in the density of ocean water. - Currents and Climate

29. Ocean Motions Upwelling Upwelling brings up tiny ocean organisms, minerals, and other nutrients from the deeper layers of the water. Without this motion, the surface waters of the open ocean would be very scarce in nutrients. - Currents and Climate

30. Ocean Motions Relating Cause and Effect As you read, identify the main factors that cause surface and deep currents in the oceans. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below. Surface currents Winds Differences in ocean- water density Deep currents - Currents and Climate CauseEffect

31. Ocean Motions Links on Ocean Currents Click the SciLinks button for links on ocean currents. - Currents and Climate

32. Ocean Motions End of Section: Currents and Climate

33. Ocean Motions Graphic Organizer Wave travels as a low swell. How Waves Move Wind creates a ripple on the ocean surface. Wave touches the bottom in shallow water. Wavelength decreases and wave height increases. Wave breaks on shore.

34. Ocean Motions End of Section: Graphic Organizer