1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

2. 1.1 What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of the composition of “matter” – (matter is anything with mass and occupies space), its composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes.
Has a definite affect on everyday life - taste of foods, grades of gasoline, etc.
Living and nonliving things are made of matter.

3. 5 Major Areas of Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry- concerned with the composition of substances.
Inorganic Chemistry- primarily deals with substances without carbon
Organic Chemistry- essentially all substances containing carbon
Biochemistry- Chemistry of living things
Physical Chemistry- describes the behavior of chemicals (ex. stretching); involves lots of math!
Boundaries not firm – they overlap and interact.

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5. What is Chemistry?
Pure Chemistry- gathers knowledge for the sake of knowledge.
Applied Chemistry- is using chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing – leads to an application.
* Nylon – Figure 1.3, page 9
* Aspirin (C9H8O4) - to relieve pain
* Use of TECHNOLOGY (benefit!)

6. Why Study Chemistry?
Everyone and everything around us involves chemistry – explains our world
What isn’t Chemistry?
Helps you make choices; helps make you a better informed citizen.
A possible career for your future.
Used to attain a specific goal.

7. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide
Chemists design materials to fit specific needs, ex. velcro (Patented in 1955), Kevlar,
Perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fibers.
2 different ways to look at the world: Macroscopic and Microscopic.

8. Chemistry Far and Wide Energy – we constantly have greater demands.
We must conserve and use it wisely.
We can try to produce more; oil from soybeans to make biodiesel
Fossil fuels, solar, batteries, wind, and nuclear.

9. Chemistry Far and Wide Medicine and Biotechnology-
Supply materials doctors use to treat patients.
Vitamin C, Penicillin, Aspirin.
Materials for artery transplants and joint replacements.
Bacteria producing insulin.

10. Chemistry Far and Wide Agriculture Produce the world’s food supply.
Use chemistry for better productivity – soil, water, weeds.
Plant growth hormones.
Ways to protect crops; insecticides.

11. Chemistry Far and Wide Environment
Both risks and benefits involved in discoveries; Fracking.
Pollutants need to be 1) identified and 2) prevented.
Lead paint was prohibited in 1978; Leaded gasoline? Drinking water?
Carbon dioxide, ozone, global warming.

12. Chemistry Far and Wide The Universe
Need to gather data from afar, and analyze matter brought back to Earth.
Composition of the planets.
Analyze Mars and moon rocks.
Planet atmospheres.
Life on other planets?

13. 1.3 Alchemy – Developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals.
Alchemy has 2 sides:
Practical: Techniques for working with metals, glass, dyes, etc.
Mystical: Concepts like perfection – gold was a perfect metal.

14. Oxygen was required! Lavoisier
In the late 1700s, Antoine Lavoisier helped transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement – still used today.
He settled a long-standing debate about burning, which was…
Oxygen was required!

15. The Scientific Method
A logical approach to solving problems or answering questions.

16. Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Observations (uses your senses)
a) Quantitative involves numbers = 95oF
b) Qualitative is word description = hot
2. Formulating Hypotheses (ideas)
- Possible explanation for the observation, or “educated” guess.
3. Performing Experiments (the test)
- Gathers new information to help decide whether the hypothesis is valid.

17. Scientific Method
We deal with Variables, or factors that can change. 2 types:
1) Manipulated Variable (or Independent Variable) is the one that we change.
2) Responding Variable (or Dependent Variable) is the one observed during the experiment.
For results to be accepted, the experiment needs to always produce the same result.

18. Outcomes over the long term…
Theory (Model) “what”
- A set of well-tested hypotheses that gives an overall EXPLANATION of some natural phenomenon – not able to be proved.
Natural Law (or Scientific Law) “why”
- The same observation applies to many
different systems; summarizes results.
- an example would be: Law of Conservation of Mass.

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Using your senses to obtain information
The procedure that is used to test the Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a proposed Explanation; should be based on previous knowledge; an “educated” guess.
Tells what happened
A well-tested Explanation for the observations; cannot be proven due to new discoveries.

20. Collaboration / Communication
When scientists share ideas by Collaboration and Communication, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.
Collaboration –How is communication done?
Is the Internet reliable information?

21. 1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry
Effective problem solving usually involves 2 general steps:
Developing a plan.
Implementing that plan.
The skills you use to solve a word problem in chemistry are NOT different from those techniques used in shopping, cooking, or planning a party.

22. Solving Numeric Problems
The 3 steps we will use for solving a numeric word problem are:
Analyze
Calculate
Evaluate
Let’s learn how to ACE these numeric word problems!

23. Solving Numeric Problems
Analyze: this is the starting point
Determine what are the Known factors, and write them down on your paper!
Determine what is the Unknown. If it is a number, determine the Units needed.
Plan how to relate these factors- choose an equation, use table or graph.

24. Solving Numeric Problems
Calculate: perform the mathematics
If your plan is correct, this is the easiest step.
Calculator? Use it correctly!
May involve rearranging an equation algebraically; or, doing some conversion of units to some other units.

25. Solving Numeric Problems
Evaluate: – the finishing step
Is it reasonable? Make sense? Do an estimate for the answer, and check your calculations.
Need to round off the answer?
Do you need Scientific Notation?
Do you have the correct units?
Did you answer the question?

26. Solving Conceptual Problems
Not all word problems in chemistry involve doing calculations.
Nonnumeric problems are called Conceptual Problems – ask you to apply concepts to a new situation
Steps are:
Analyze
Solve
Plan needed to link known to unknown.