1. Mentoring Geropsychology Interns and Fellows Michele J. Karel, Ph.D., VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School

2. Supervisors as mentors? Becoming an “accidental mentor” How does mentoring fit into ~one year supervision relationship? It can and often does! Thanks to work of Dr. W. Brad Johnson on “transformational supervision”

3. Internship year: Developmental challenges New roles and responsibilities –Full time clinical role, increased autonomy Professional identity –Do I know what I’m doing?…People think I do…; What’s my role on team? Academic challenges –Dissertation, other projects Next steps –Almost immediately, start applying for fellowships, jobs…What do I want to do?

4. Fellowship year: Developmental challenges Transition from trainee to professional –Independent practice around the corner –Developing confidence in one’s voice Consolidating identity as a geropsychologist Clarifying career goals –Clinical (wide range), research, teaching, etc. Balancing professional and personal goals Seeking employment

5. Additional challenges Often, move to a new city/town Transitions in personal life –New relationships, marriages, break-ups, long- distance relationships, babies, deaths 2 nd career psychologists –Is it worth it? (time, money, job prospects) Work-life balance

6. Supervision and mentoring Johnson, B. W. (2007). Transformational supervision: When supervisors mentor. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 259-267. Supervision often occurs without mentoring, but can incorporate mentoring.

7. Supervision “ an intervention provided by a more senior member of a profession to a more junior member or members of that same profession. This relationship is evaluative, extends over time, and has the simultaneous purpose of enhancing the professional functioning of the more junior person, monitoring the quality of the professional services offered to the client…and serving as a gatekeeper of those who are to enter the particular profession.” ◦ Johnson, 2007, citing Bernard and Goodyear, 2004, Fundamentals of clinical supervision.

8. Mentoring “a personal and reciprocal relationship in which a more experienced faculty member [or clinical supervisor] acts as a guide, role model, teacher, and sponsor of a less experienced student [or supervisee]. A mentor provides the protégé with knowledge, advice, counsel, challenge, and support in the protégé’s pursuit of becoming a full member of a particular profession.” ◦ Johnson, 2007, citing himself in 2006, On being a mentor: a guide for higher education faculty.

9. Mentoring functions Career –Address professional development and performance Psychosocial –Address mentee’s sense of competence, identity, and effectiveness Role modeling –Modeling ethical and professional behavior, range of professional roles, attention to self-care

10. Transactional supervision (hierarchical, technical) –Supervisor with greater knowledge and experience –Supervisees must be ready to accept influence from supervisor –Focus is clinical skill development and needs of the patient –Supervisor provides direction, clear focus to meetings Transactional supervision is starting point for most supervisory relationships Transactional versus transformational supervision

11. Transformational supervision (collaborative, mutual) ◦ Mutual conversation versus expert/non-expert hierarchy ◦ Supervisor interested in supervisee’s welfare and development, in addition to facilitating development of clinical competencies ◦ Requires competence and maturity in supervisor, who must balance supportive, coaching, and evaluative roles Entails supervisor’s emotional involvement, humility, sharing of oneself

12. Supervisory relationships always include transactional elements. Transactional  Transformational approaches along a continuum. Supervisory competence includes the ability to determine what elements are most appropriate for each supervisee, and when. “Transformational supervisors must gracefully balance advocacy and evaluation.”

13. Mentoring skills model MENTEE SPECIFIC SKILLS MENTOR SPECIFIC SKILLS Acquiring Mentors Learning Quickly Showing Initiative Following Through Managing the Relationship Inspiring Providing Corrective Feedback Managing Risks Opening Doors Instructing/ Developing Capabilities Listening Actively Identifying Goals & Current Reality Building Trust Encouraging SHARED CORE SKILLS Sense of Humor

14. Integrating mentoring into geropsychology supervision

15. Support competency self-evaluation –Facilitate trainee development of “metacompetence”: critical! –Encourage developmental/growth perspective Pikes Peak evaluation tool –Geropsychology knowledge and skill assessment –Initial training needs assessment and track development over training period –At http://www.uccs.edu/~cpgtp/http://www.uccs.edu/~cpgtp/

16. Provide challenge and validation –Maintain high expectations, and… –Normalize anxiety/uncertainty in new roles –Encourage increasing independence Provide honest, and constructive, feedback –Create safe forum for discussion –Observe clinical and team work –Feedback can be difficult –Capitalize on trainee strengths

17. Be a professional role model –Ethical behavior –Professional problem-solving –Managing difficult emotions –Self-care Be a geropsychologist role model –Passion and respect for older adults –Many ways to be a geropsychologist Engagement in multiple professional roles –Service to the field

18. Respect diversity –Range of cultural, religious, educational, training backgrounds –Range of experiences with aging, disability, caregiving, grief –Range of professional goals and interests Question one’s own assumptions –Get to know the individual Express interest in and safe context to discuss how life experiences may influence professional development –IF the trainee wishes

19. Be genuine, respectful, and humble –Convey curiosity and caring –Demonstrate self-awareness re: limits of one’s own competence and seeking consultation We never know everything! –Protect supervision time –Maintain good boundaries –Ask trainees for feedback, and listen –Delight in unique interests and career paths of trainees

20. Provide professional socialization –Interns/Fellows have range of prior exposure to geropsychology community and resources –Encourage joining 12-2, 20, PLTC, GSA –Encourage committee/project involvement –Highlight major journals, books, websites –Forward geropsychology resources, updates –Encourage presentation of work –Facilitate networking

21. What intern/fellow mentees should do Consider community of mentors Might your supervisor be a mentor too? –Trust your gut - Shared values? “Chemistry”? –Respect as role model? Mentoring relationships are reciprocal –Take active role/initiative, ask questions, communicate needs, show interest in mentor Ask for and accept feedback –Work on recognition of strengths and growth areas Express appreciation to mentor –And, express if/how relationship could be more helpful Seek opportunities to mentor others

22. “Those who are good mentors get incalculably more out of it than they put into it.” Anonymous mentor, from: Lee, A., Dennis, C., Campbell, P. (2007). Nature’s guide for mentors. Nature, 447(14), 791-797.

23. Acknowledgements This material is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the Boston VA Medical Center. Thank you to 15 years of Interns and Fellows who helped me learn about supervision and mentoring, to my past/present colleagues at VA Boston who have done the same, and to my own mentors.