1. End Show Slide 1 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > WELCOME BACK! Hi…My Name is Dr. P M EASUREMENTS S CIENCE & P HYSICS UNIT 1

2. End Show Slide 2 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Using and Expressing Measurements measurement: a quantity with both a number and a unit. Measurements are super important for experimental sciences. We must be able to make measurements accurately and precisely. 3.1

3. End Show Slide 3 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Using and Expressing Measurements a really big number like 100,000,000,000,000 (atoms in a cell) or really small number like 0.00000000001 meter (size of an atom) can be written without zeroes by using powers of 10. Scientific Notation 3.1

4. End Show Slide 4 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Using and Expressing Measurements 100,000,000,000,000 = 1 x 10 14 atoms (atoms in a cell) 0.00000000001 meter = 1 x 10 -11 meters (size of an atom) Scientific Notation 3.1

5. End Show Slide 5 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Accuracy, Precision, and Error Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the actual or true value. Precision: how close the measurements are each another to each another. Accuracy, Precision, and Error 3.1

6. End Show Slide 6 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > ACCURACY vs. PRECISION

7. End Show Slide 7 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Accuracy, Precision, and Error 3.1

8. End Show Slide 8 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Quick Quiz! 1.Which of the following expressions has NOT been correctly changed to sci. not.? A. 0.00456 = 4.56  10 –3 B. 0.0000254 = 2.54  10 –5 C. 8,426,000 = 8.426  10 6 D. 45,200 = 4.52  10 3

9. End Show Slide 9 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Quick Quiz 2. Which set of measurements of a 2.00-g object is the most precise? A. 2.00 g, 2.03 g, 1.98 g B. 2.10 g, 2.00 g, 2.20 g C. 2.05 g, 2.04 g, 2.05 g D. 1.50 g, 2.00 g, 2.50 g

10. End Show Slide 10 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Significant Figures in Measurements 3.1

11. End Show Slide 11 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units >

12. End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 12 of 33 The International System of Units These signs show distances as numbers with no units. Without the units, it is impossible to communicate the measurement to others. When you make a measurement, you must assign the correct units to the numerical value. 3.2-3.3

13. End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 13 of 33 The International System of Units > Units and Quantities Measuring with SI Units Length(m) meter Volume(L) Liter Mass(g) gram Temp(K) Kelvin or ( 0 C) Celsius 3.2-3.3

14. End Show Slide 14 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Units and Quantities The volume of 20 drops of liquid from a medicine dropper is approximately 1 mL. 3.2-3.3

15. End Show Slide 15 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Units and Quantities A sugar cube has a volume of 1 cm 3. 1 mL = 1 cm 3 3.2-3.3

16. End Show Slide 16 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Units and Quantities A gallon of milk has about twice the volume of a 2-L bottle of soda. 1 gal = 3.8 L 3.2-3.3

17. End Show Slide 17 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Units and Quantities A 250 lb. person would weigh 113 kg 1 kg = 2.2 lb 3.2-3.3

18. End Show Slide 18 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Units and Quantities Units of Temperature Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy (heat) of particles. 3.2-3.3

19. End Show Slide 19 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > no KE 373 K 273 K

20. End Show Slide 20 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Units and Quantities Converting from K to 0 C and back is easy. You simply add or subtract 273 3.2-3.3 K = o C + 273

21. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall SAMPLE PROBLEM Slide 21 of 33 End Show Use the equation K = o C + 273 = 37 + 273 = 310 K

22. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 22 of 33 End Show Quick Quiz 1. Which of the following is the SI unit for mass? a.meter b.gram c.liter d.mole

23. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 23 of 33 End Show Quick Quiz 2. A temperature of 30 0 C is equal to a.303 K. b.300 K. c.243 K. d.247 K.

24. End Show Slide 24 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Converting Between Units Converting between units is EASY! Just use the… The Decimal Mover Trick Metric Conversions 3.2-3.3

25. End Show Slide 25 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > 1.3 Metric Conversions k - - d c m The Decimal Mover Trick mLgmLg 3.2-3.3

26. End Show Slide 26 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The International System of Units > Convert each of the following. 1. 15 cm = ___ m 2. 7.38 kg = ___ g 3. 607 mL = ___ L 4. 94.5 g = ___ kg 3.2-3.3

27. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 27 of 33 End Show 1.How many mL in 2 L? a.200 mL b.0.200 mL c.0.002 mL d.2000 mL Quick Quiz!

28. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 28 of 33 End Show 2. How many mg are in 1.34 g? a.1.34  10 –3 b.13.4 c.134 d.1340 Quick Quiz

29. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 29 of 33 End Show a.Density: the ratio of an object’s b.mass to volume. m v d = d m v

30. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 30 of 33 End Show Density depends only the substance, not the size of the sample. 1 piece Aluminum d = 2.70 g/cm 3 2 pieces Aluminum d = ??? g/cm 3

31. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 31 of 33 End Show d = 3.1 g 0.35 cm 3 d = 8.9 g/cm 3 Calculating Density A copper penny has a mass of 3.1 g, and a volume of 0.35 cm 3. What is the density copper? m v d = d m v

32. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 32 of 33 End Show d = 158 g 100 mL d = 1.58 g/mL Calculating Density A cup of slime has a volume of 100 mL, and a mass of 158 g. What is the density of the slime? m v d = d m v

33. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 33 of 33 End Show Quick Quiz! 1. If 50.0 mL of yellow llama snot have a mass of 275 g, then the density of yellow llama snot is A.0.182 g/mL. B.0.727 g/mL. C.1.37 g/mL. D.5.50 g/mL. d m v

34. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 34 of 33 End Show 2. Green llama snot has a density of 10 g/mL. What is the mass (in grams) of 1 Liter of green llama snot? A.10 g B.0.10 g C.1 x 10 -2 g D.1 x 10 4 g Quick Quiz! d m v

35. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 35 of 33 End Show What is Science? Scientia (Latin) – meaning knowledge Observation and Experimentation Science is a way of knowing based on testable claims supported by… leading to Empirical Knowledge

36. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 36 of 33 End Show What is NOT Science? Non-science: cannot be verified empirically. (obs. & exp.) Non-science and Pseudoscience Pseudoscience: claims to be science, but cannot be verified empirically. (obs. & exp.) astrology, phrenology numerology feeling, authority emotion, religion

37. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 37 of 33 End Show Science is the study of nature’s rules. Physics is the most basic science. Science & Physics

38. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 38 of 33 End Show You can understand other sciences much better if you first understand physics. Biology is about complex matter that is alive. Chemistry is about matter and how it changes. PHYSICSPHYSICS is the most basic of all the sciences. Physics is about basics like motion, forces, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, and the composition of atoms.

39. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 39 of 33 End Show Why Study Physics? What are three general reasons to study Physics?

40. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 40 of 33 End Show Explain the Natural World (understand how things work) Table Salt Water

41. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 41 of 33 End Show Prepare For a Career

42. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 42 of 33 End Show Be an Informed Citizen a.Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action.

43. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 43 of 33 End Show The Process of Science How do you DO science? (are there any steps?)

44. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 44 of 33 End Show a.The process of science is a logical, organized approach to solving a scientific problem. b.Steps include: Ask Question Observe Hypothesis Experiment Theory Communicate Results (explain) (test) (conclusion)

45. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 45 of 33 End Show SCIENTIFIC METHOD

46. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 46 of 33 End Show Make Observations a.Observation: b.using your senses to obtain information Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it doesn’t light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight?

47. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 47 of 33 End Show Form a Hypothesis a.Hypothesis: a proposed explanation for an observation. b.You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries based on previous observations. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is correct.

48. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 48 of 33 End Show a.Design an Experiment b.Experiment: test of a hypothesis c.Variables (can change ) - independent: you change it. - dependent: you observe it. (it depends on what you changed) - control: you leave it unchanged. (to compare it with the results)

49. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 49 of 33 End Show Develop a Theory a.Once a hypothesis is supported by repeated experimentation, it may become a theory. Theory: a well-tested explanation for a set of observations A theory may need to be revised to explain new observations or results

50. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 50 of 33 End Show Communicate Results It’s important to share a new theory through collaboration and communication. (sharing) peer-reviewed journal or conference work with others Why? review & question datafind errors in: data, conclusion, experiment revise theory

51. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 51 of 33 End Show Scientific Laws scientific law: summarizes the results of many observations and experiments. Theories do NOT become laws! A scientific law doesn’t try to explain. Law of Gravity vs. Theory of Gravity summarizes explains how work

52. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 52 of 33 End Show Steps in the Process of Science

53. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 53 of 33 End Show Scientific Facts assumed to be true, but might be refuted (or changed) at some point. A scientific theory is based on observations, and is always open to being revised or replaced by a better theory if new evidence is presented.

54. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 54 of 33 End Show Scientific “Facts” that have Changed Pluto is a planet. The elements are earth, air, fire, and water. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter.

55. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 55 of 33 End Show 1.Knowledge would NOT be considered scientific knowledge if… a.it’s based on experimental data b.it’s theoretical c.it’s not empirically testable d.it’s easy to understand Quick Quiz.

56. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 56 of 33 End Show 2.Chemistry is the study of ___________ and how it reacts. a.anything with mass b.anything that takes up space c.matter d.a, b, and c Quick Quiz.

57. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 57 of 33 End Show 3. Informed citizens are most likely to a.provide funds for scientific research. b.determine which areas of research are valid. c.decide who is qualified to do research. d.make decisions for a better society. Quick Quiz.

58. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 58 of 33 End Show 4.What is one reason to study chemistry? a.to pass the test b.you need it before driver’s ed c.to win at chemistry jeopardy d.to explain the natural world around you Quick Quiz.

59. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 59 of 33 End Show Quick Quiz. 5. What is a hypothesis? a.information obtained from the senses. b.a proposed explanation for observations. c.a thoroughly tested explanation for a broad set of observations. d.a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments. Observation Theory Law

60. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 60 of 33 End Show Quick Quiz. 6. What are two steps in the process of science? a.ask questions and make up answers. b.observe and experiment. c.ask a question and propose a theory. d.test a hypothesis and prove it is true.

61. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 61 of 33 End Show 7. What is true about the process of science? A.guaranteed to lead to scientific discoveries B.one of many ways that scientific discoveries are made C. steps must be followed in order D. once complete, it should not be repeated Quick Quiz.

62. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 62 of 33 End Show 8. What is a hypothesis? A.information from the senses B.a proposed explanation for observations C.a thoroughly tested explanation for a broad set of observations D.a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments Quick Quiz. Observation Theory Law

63. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 63 of 33 End Show 9. Which of these is a scientific hypothesis? A.Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. B.The universe is surrounded by a second universe, the existence of which cannot be detected by scientists. C.Albert Einstein was the greatest physicist of the 1900s. Quick Quiz. (there is a test for its wrongness)

64. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 64 of 33 End Show 10. When someone says, “That’s only a theory,” that person doesn’t know that a scientific theory is _____ ? A.a guess that involves a bunch of facts B.a type of hypothesis C.a product of well-tested hypotheses D.an untested explanation Quick Quiz.

65. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 65 of 33 End Show NAME Date Quiz 1 Pd __ 1) 6) 2) 7) 3) 10 8) 4) 9) 5) 10) #correct QUIZ 1 – For a Grade

66. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 66 of 33 End Show 1. A physical reflex occurs in approximately 3.00 x 10 –3 s. What is standard notation? A) 0.000300s B) 0.00300s C) 300s D) 3000s 2. The average distance between the Sun and the Earth is 150,000,000 km. What’s the value expressed in scientific notation? A) 1.5 x 10 9 kmB) 1.5 x 10 8 km C) 1.5 x 10 -8 kmD) 1.5 x 10 -9 km

67. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 67 of 33 End Show 3. A small piece of metal was weighed three times by four different students. Which student has the most precise group of measurements? Measurement #: #1 #2 #3 A. Student A: 2.0 g, 3.0 g, 4.0 g B. Student B: 3.1 g, 3.0 g, 2.9 g C. Student C: 2.8 g, 4.5 g, 3.7 g D. Student D: 3 g, 4 g, 2 g

68. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 68 of 33 End Show 4. After a chemical reaction, the mass of the products was measured three times & recorded in Data Table 1. The true mass of products from the reaction is 5.54 g. How should measurements in Table below be described? A. accurate, but not precise B. precise, but not accurate C. both accurate and precise D. neither accurate nor precise Measure # Mass (g) 1 2.02 g 2 1.98 g 3 2.03 g

69. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 69 of 33 End Show 5. Which unit would be most appropriate to measure the length of average-sized ant? A) dmB) m C) km D) mm 6. Order the following mass units by increasing size from smallest to largest. kggcgmg A) mg < g < cg < kg B) mg < cg < g < / kg C)kg < mg < cg < g D) kg < g < cg < mg

70. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 70 of 33 End Show 7. Express the quantity 0.75 cm in mm. A. 0.0075 mm B. 0.75 mm C. 7.5 mm D. 75 mm 8. Express the quantity 987 g in kg. A) 987,000 kg B) 9.87 kg C) 0.987 kg D) 0.000987 kg 9.The slope of a straight line graph is calculated by the “rise _______ the run.” A) added toB) subtracted from C) multiplied by D) divided by

71. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 71 of 33 End Show 10. The equation of a line is y = mx + b, the m-value represents the ____, and the b-value represents the__________. b-value represents the__________. A) x-intercept; y-intercept B) a point on the line; x-intercept C) slope; y value of the y-intercept D) x-coordinate of a point on the line; slope

72. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 72 of 33 End Show NAME Date Quiz 1 Pd __ 1) 6) 2) 7) 3) 10 8) 4) 9) 5) 10) #correct QUIZ 1