1. Acoustic gw detectors: from resonant “bar” to wideband “dual” AURIGA www.auriga.lnl.infn.it DUAL R&D www.dual.lnl.infn.it Erice June 3 rd 2006 Massimo Cerdonio INFN Section and Department of Physics University of Padova, Italy

2. Edoardo AMALDI in Folgaria (Trento) 1989

3. evidence for gravitational waves Neutron Binary System – Hulse & Taylor PSR 1913 + 16 -- Timing of pulsars   17 / sec Neutron Binary System separated by 10 6 miles m 1 = 1.4m  ; m 2 = 1.36m  ;  = 0.617 Prediction from general relativity spiral in by 3 mm/orbit rate of change orbital period ~ 8 hr Emission of gravitational waves

6.  L    m h   (NS/NS @15 Mpc) L    m L-  L L+  L t = 0 t =  /4t =  t = 3  /4 t = T

7. acoustic gw detectors Dual Sphere Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 031101 Dual Torus Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003) 102004 Single-mass Dual gr-qc/0605004 (2006) Antenna pattern: like 2 IFOs co- located and rotated by 45° ri Bar

9. VIRGO/LIGO range Adv LIGO/Dual range NS/NS rivelabile a 300 Mpc

10. physics @ kHz frequencies Equation Of State of superdense matter isolated ns deformed pulsars, rotational instabilities, normal modes, “starquakes”, Sn core collapse, accretion spun-up ms pulsars, LowMassXrayBinaries, SoftGammaRay repeaters (flares) ns-ns binaries “chirp”, bar instabilities, merging, ringdown Extreme gravity bh-bh binaries “chirp”, merging, ringdown Cosmology stochastic background

11. Bar Network

12. UPPER LIMIT on the RATE of GW bursts from the GALACTIC CENTER Upper limit for burst GWs with random arrival time and measured amplitude  search threshold h ~ 2 10 -18  E ~ 0.02 M sun converted into gw at the Galactic Center PRL 85 5046 (2000) – Phys. News Upd. 514 Nov. 29 (2000) - PRD 68 022001 (2003 ) S1 IGEC-1 results LIGO S2, S3 & S4 improve considerably IGEC-2 will be comparable LIGO S5 will overcome

13. bar gw detectors (brief reminder) how they detect, SQL, bandwidth, antenna pattern AURIGA recent upgrades three modes operation to widen the band approaching the Standard Quantum Limit suspensions and seismic insulation how AURIGA performs AURIGA and the Dec 27 th SGR flare

14. “bar” gw detectors M = 2.3 t L = 3m

15. need: wide detection bandwidth  f~100 Hz, large Q/T ~ 10 8 K -1 T~ 0.1 K, Q ~ 10 7 a quantum limited amplifier: SQUID, optical,… where are we ? AURIGA @ 4.5 K  E absorbed ~ 500 quanta AURIGA @ 0.1 K  E absorbrd ~ 10 quanta  f~100 Hz Q ~ 5 10 6 h SQL ~ 3 10 -21 detect few quanta in a 2.3 tons oscillator “bars” at the Standard Quantum Limit  E absorbed ~ h Planck f bar k B T/Q < h Planck  f

16. sen 2  cos2 

17. the bandwidth is potentially infinite

18. arrival time estimates for  -like bursts

19. AURIGA run II: upgrades  three resonant modes operation: two mechanical modes one electrical mode  new SQUID amplifier : double stage SQUID ~500  energy resolution at 4.5 K in the detector  transducer bias field 8 MV/m

20. S hh sensitivity (2) Very good agreement with noise predictions all these noise sources will scale with temperature one-sided S hh

23. AURIGA

24. May 19 th 2005 AURIGA on the dampers

25. the three modes of AURIGA as they keep clean and stable in time

26. AURIGA II run stationary gaussian operation of a wideband “bar” detector  the 3 modes thermal at 4.5 K  S hh 1/2 < 4 10 -21 Hz -1/2 over 90 Hz band (one sided)  ~ 100% operation for acquisition of usable data (except 3hours/month > He transfer)  veto time intervals under out-of-band triggers to select against epochs of external disturbances  reduce (for bursts) to stationary gaussian operation over ~ 96% of time

27. red: exp blue: sim date SNR P.Falferi et al, “3-modes detection…” Phys.Rev.Letters 2005 M.Bonaldi et al,“AURIGA suspensions…” Rev. Sci. Instr. 2005 A.Vinante et al, “Thermal noise in a…” Rev. Sci. Instr. 2005 duty cycle ~ 96% ~ 4 days of continuous operation

30. an optomechanical transducer for the AURIGA “bar” gw detector cryogenic optics towards the quantum limit: high finesse cavities, fibers, piezo actuators, etc @ 4.2 K concept and optics: Livia Conti, Maurizio DeRosa, Francesco Marin cryogenics: Michele Bonaldi, Giovanni A. Prodi, Luca Taffarello, Jean-Pierre Zendri

31. The Dec. 27 th 2004 giant flare of the soft gamma ray repeater SGR1806-20 on a ~ 10 kpc distance scale in the direction of Sagittarium 100 times more energetic than any other after peaking with ms rise time, decayed to 1/10 intensity in ~ 300 ms a catastrophic instability involving global crustal failure in a “magnetar”, which possibly triggers the excitation of f- and p-modes in the neutron star the excited mode damps out by gw emission, the energetics of which would be ~ 100 times larger of that of the X-rays flare

32. AURIGA and the flare was optimally oriented towards 1806-20 at the flare time was performing as a stationary gaussian detector was covering a ~ 100 Hz band in which neutron star f- and p-modes may fall we test if, at the flare time, gw emission is found, as a damped sinusoidal wave train at any frequency f within AURIGA band, with damping time  s divide the band in sub-bands of width  f~1/  s around each f integrate for a time  t~  s the output energy  in the sub-band check the statistics of the time series  (t) in each sub-band f test for any excess in  (t) at the flare peak time t p we take  s = 100 ms as ~ 1/3 of the observed flare decay

33. Baggio et al. (AURIGA collaboration) Phys.Rev.Letters 95 081103 (2005) the time origin corresponds to the arrival time of the flare peak t p at the AURIGA site

34. upper limits on emitted gw energy as fraction of solar mass Over the sub-band at frequency f of width  f models predict  gw ~ 5 10 -6

35. comments on AURIGA & the flare stationary operation allows relevant searches even with a single detector obtained an upper limit about neutron stars dynamics, which is relevant as it invades part of the parameter region of existing models stronger upper limits could be put with optimal search methods ( I did not discuss this point > see PRL paper)

36. AURIGA gaussianity -100s to +100s around flare time

37. Optical Transducer bar The Concept Variations of the transducer cavity length are measured by the stabilized laser Transducer cavity: a Fabry-Perot cavity between the bar and the resonant plate Reference cavity: a stable Fabry-Perot cavity acting as length reference Laser source frequency locked to the reference cavity

38. Optical Transducer Status: Room temperature test Achieved gw sensitivity Experimental set-up L.Conti et al,. Jour. Appl. Phys. 93 (2003) 3589

39. Optical Transducer Status: Cryogenics Q measurements in the Transducer Test Facility New Cryostat for the bar resonator under construction

40. [a prototype gw detector in coincidence with AURIGA will operate at 4.2 K ~ 1 year] >>> CANCELED R&D for Dual: optics with high finesse cavities at low T, coating thermal noise and substrate thermoelastic noises (“thermodynamic” and “photothermal”) at levels of displacement ~ 10 -20 m/Hz 1/2

41. DUAL how to open wide, many kHz, the band of an acoustic detectors the DUAL R&D collaboration: Firenze, Legnaro, Padova, Trento, Urbino

42. Dual detector: the concept Intermediate frequency range: the slow oscillator is driven above resonance, the fast oscillator is driven below resonance phase difference of  differential measurement: signals sum up readout back action noise subtracts out measurement of differential deformations of two oscillators, resonating at different frequencies and both sensitive to the gw signal A possible 2D implementation:

43. the new ideas of the DUAL detector 1 –the “dual” concept : read displacement between two massive resonators (or modes of one mass) with a non-resonant read-out M. Cerdonio et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 031101 (2001); M.Bonaldi et al. (2006) 2 - selective readout: only the motion corresponding to GW sensitive normal modes is measured M. Bonaldi et al. Phys. Rev. D 68 102004 (2003) avoid resonant bandwidh limit and thermal noise contribution by the resonant transducer reduce overall thermal noise by rejecting the contribution of not useful modes

44. Mode selection strategy 2-D Quadrupolar filter: X=X 1 +X 3 –X 2 –X 4 Capacitive transducer design Large interrogation regions Geometrically based mode selection Reject high frequency resonant modes which do not carry any GW signal Bandwidth free from acoustic modes not sensitive to GW Also FFP optical scheme F. Marin et.al, Phys. Lett. A 309, 15 (2003)

45. Dual R&D : 3 main research topics Detector design seismic noise control external passive embedded active displacement sensitivity and wide sensing area underground operation not necessary define requirements mechanical amplification resonant not resonant 15 x 10x 100 Hz BW 4 kHz BW Current technology DUAL requirements high cross section (  v s 2-3 ) Al 5056 Mo, SiC, Sapph. (50 x) Readout system: Test masses: 5x10 -20 m 5x10 -22 (100x)

46. Broadband amplification up to 5.0 kHz Displacement gain factor about 10 Negligible intrinsic thermal noise Compliance Leverage type amplifier H.J. Paik, proceedings First AMALDI Conference (1995) Readout system for DUAL: mechanical amplification stage

47. Mechanical gain measurements direct gain =  y/  x Frequency shift Leverage behavior

48. Next step: measure the thermal noise ANSYS Prediction by using Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem T=300 K, Q=10 4, Al 7075, w 0 =365  m Leverage behavior: scaling with gain gain

49. Progress towards a wide area optical readout Usual cm-long cavities have small spot size (  1mm) higher order acoustic modes of the real system contribute to the noise M1 M2 M3 M4 D F.Marin et al Phys. Lett. A 309, 15 (2003) To average out the noise, we need a spot size > 10 cm !!!! Folded Fabry-Perot: FFP relative shot noise limited displacement sensitivity: constant relative freq. noise due to Brownian noise  1/N relative freq. noise due to rad pressure noise  1/N 2 + spatial correlation effects effective increase of spot size

50. a deep revision of the resonant detector design and a R&D on readout systems timeline R&D + design : 2006 – 2008 (500 k€) construction: 2009 – 2013 (15 M€- apply to “Ideas” in FP7) FP7 new “Ideas” programme: at last fundamental science (all)…!!! “Enhance the dynamism, creativity and excellence of European research at the frontier of knowledge. Open to proposals from individuals and groups without constraint on size, composition or participation in the projects” currently funded by: INFN, EGO, EC (ILIAS) DUAL is based on

51. Mo Dual 16.4 ton height 3.0m 0.94m SiC Dual 62.2 ton height 3.0m 2.9m Q/T=2x10 8 K -1 M. Bonaldi et al. Phys. Rev. D 68 102004 (2003) Antenna pattern: like 2 IFOs colocated and rotated by 45° sensitivities at SQL (Dual & Advanced ifos)

52. gw sources in the kHz band for DUAL merging of binary black-holes & vibrations of remnant 30+30 M O to 3+3 M O out to 100 Mpc (Pretorious PRL 2005 Camp) merging of binary neutron stars & vibrations of remnant quasi periodic oscillations @ 3-4 kHz depending on EOS formation of black-hole depending on EOS (Shibata PRL 2005) both out to 100 Mpc (short GRBs are ns-ns mergers Nature 2005) (after first fully general relativistic simulations in 3-D with realistic nuclear Equation Of State) cosmological ( > 3 events/year: the “reference” signals for DUAL) Virgo cluster ( many events/year ?) rotating stellar core collapses (supernovae) “bar mode” instabilities @ 1 Khz out to 10 Mpc (Shibata PRD 2005) galactic fast rotating isolated ns (ms pulsars) & accreting ns (LMXB) continous emission, X-ray flares out to 10 kPc (Owen @ Amaldi6 2005)

53. “characteristic” gw strength h c =hn 1/2 for gw of amplitude h lasting n cycles all sources at best orientation (DUAL is fairly isotropic) “assured rate” > 3 ev/y for ns-ns mergers

54. World-wide gravitational wave network GWIC http://gwic.gravity.psu.edu/ is helping with steps toward a world-wide network including the large interferometers and (more recently) bars. So far, bi-lateral exchanges –GEO - LIGO continuing exchange & joint papers –LIGO- TAMA exchange data for S2 data (60 days Spring 03). Small joint working group to coordinate the joint analysis –Virgo and LIGO exchanging environmental data, and Virgo preparing for future gravitational data exchange –AURIGA- LIGO exchanged 15 days of S3 data and are tuning tools –AURIGA+EXPLORER+NAUTILUS+VIRGO are developing methods for joint analysis of bursts and stochastic –EXPLORER+NAUTILUS and TAMA exchange data –AURIGA and TAMA are preparing for data exchange