1. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 1 Lecture 20 Content Flight preparation –Equipment –Weather conditions –Flying height –Coverage

2. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 2 Flight preparation – –a single flight of an aircraft includes a take off to touch down – –To secure satisfactory air cover, the following must be considered: Proper equipment must be used Weather conditions, including height and sun intensity must be favorable

3. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 3 The flying height is so chosen that, with the given lens, contact prints of a suitable mean photo scale are produced The accuracy for contouring with certain instruments in the United States is often defined by: C-factor = Flying Height (H) / Contour Interval (CI) Used for vertical wide-angle photography with nominal focal length of 150mm Scale of photograph = f / (H-h)

4. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 4

5. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 5 The area of interest must be completely and systematically covered so that every bit of ground appears on at least two photographs In addition, the optical axis must be nearly vertical at the time of exposure Considerations in the flight planning are covered in the following slides: – –Equipment – –Weather conditions – –Flying height – –Coverage

6. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 6 – –Equipment The aircraft: – –The aircraft must be able to carry the aerial camera – –The aircraft must be capable of flying at the height required (high or low) The camera: – –Mounted on the gimbal to keep the camera stationary, ensuring that the optical axis passes through the center of the lens – –Free to rotate about the optical axis to facilitate different camera orientation

7. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 7 – –Weather conditions The following affect the stability of the aircraft and should be avoided: – –Dense, whitish, turbulent clouds – –Cumulus clouds are turbulence – –Air pockets, in which there is a sudden downward current of air Photographs cannot be normally taken through cloud or fog, smoke, dust or haze. High sun intensity implies that the shadows of the photograph become too dense, and obscure detail Rainy conditions must be avoided

8. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 8 Shadows obscure details, so that the sun should be fairly high in the sky to give a reasonably short shadow Necessary for aircraft, camera and crew to stand by for many days before the desired weather conditions is obtained Cost of flying is very high

9. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 9 – –Flying height The mean average scale of the air cover should be approximately the same as the desired scale of the compilation map Given focal length of the camera lens, and a given compilations scale, the necessary height of the aircraft can be calculated using: Scale of photograph = f / (H-h)

10. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 10 – –An example: The photo scale 1/10,000 is required, focal length is 150mm and h is 100m above mean sea level H f S A B b a h Horizontal plane Representing mean ground level Mean sea level Scale of photograph = f / (H-h)

11. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 11 Applying the formula 1/10,000 = 0.150 / (H – 100) m i.e. H – 100 = 1500m H = 1600m Therefore the flying height must be 1600m Given the same focal length and the same size of format, the higher the aircraft flies the greater the area of ground covered, and the less the number of photographs required to cover any particular area of land Typical aerial photo format is 9inx9in (230mmx230mm) Therefore the greater the flying height, the more economical the coverage

12. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 12 Alternatively, the less the flying height, the greater the scale, the more detail that can be readily discerned and the greater the plotting accuracy Greater the flying height increases the thickness of haze and dust that light rays must penetrate, with consequent loss in the photograph quality Normal flying heights maybe between 1000m to 4500m above ground level, therefore we expect flying cost to increase in mountainous areas

13. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 13 – –Coverage Systematic coverage is obtained by flying the aircraft at a fixed height, in a series of straight lines, and taking photographs at regular intervals The photographs taken during the time that the aircraft flies along any one of these straight lines are known collectively as a “run”

14. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 14 Each photograph in a run should overlap its predecessor by 60% 60% overlap double overlap 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd Aircraft Double overlap usually is 20%of each of the three photographs

15. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 15 Having flown one complete run the aircraft must turn around and fly back another straight line, again taking photographs at regular intervals The second strip of photographs must also overlap the first run, this is known as the “lateral overlap” Lateral overlap is usually between 20 to 30% Runs will normally flown in a direction parallel with the longest dimension of the land to be covered

16. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 16 { { { { 1 st run 2 nd run 3 rd run 4 th run Plan showing later overlaps Lateral overlap

17. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 17 Overlap between Runs or Swaths 30% overlap between runs or swaths Run #1 Run #2

18. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 18 Exposure for 1 st strip Exposure for 2 nd strip Exposure for 3 rd strip Exposure for 4 th strip A typical flight plan

19. 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 19 Other factors to be considered in planning aerial photography include:   The intended use of photography (quantitative or interpretive)   The desired product (Map, orthophoto, mosiac, etc)   The specified accuracy   The size and shape of the interested area   The amount and disposition of relief   The scale of photography (influences the final scale of the end product, camera to be used, and so on)

20. Photogrammetry …. Lecture 14 Dr. Steve Ramroop 9/17/2015 GEM 3366 20 … The End …