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The Reformation continues
Chapter 17 Section 4
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Key Terms Predestination Calvinism Theocracy Presbyterian Anabaptists
Catholic Reformation Jesuits Council of Trent
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Calvin Continues The Reformation
Luther stood against the Catholic Church Opened the door to other religions Lutheranism arose in Germany Religious movements began in Switzerland. and Europe
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Ulrich Zwingli 22 year old priest
Established a church in Switzerland based on theocracy Theocracy-government in which church and state are joined Martin Luther opposed this
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John Calvin Next most important Protestant reformer
1509 born in France Supported Luther’s reforms Predestination-God knows who will be saved even before they are born
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John Calvin God guides their lives
Nothing they can do good or bad to change that Calvinism took root in Switzerland Viewed people as sinful by nature
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John Calvin Strict laws put in place to regulate behavior
Geneva- church attendance was mandatory Number and courses of meals Color of clothing Feasting, dancing, singing , wearing jewelry were forbidden
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John Calvin Strictness- heart of Calvinists appeal
Sense of mission and discipline Making world fit for the elect Elect were the chosen ones
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Other Reformers John Knox-spokesman for reformation in Scotland
Replaced the Roman Catholic Church Presbyterian denomination
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Reforming the Catholic Church
Protestants not the only ones dissatisfied Catholics also upset Catholic Reformation- series of reform in the Catholic Church
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Jesuits Jesuits- society of Jesus, religious order to reform the church Ignatius of Loyola founded Jesuits in 1534 Nobleman, soldier While recovering from an injury read books on saints Became a soldier of God
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Jesuits Father general- ran it like a military institution
Emphasized obedience to the church Concentrated on education to combat the Protestants Established missions, school, and universities Effective organization, gained ground on Protestants
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Council of Trent Paul Pope III in 1545 called the council
Need to redefine the doctrines of the church Examined criticisms by the Protestants and Catholics Clarified Catholic teachings on certain points
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Council of Trent Reforms addressed the corruption of the clergy
Training of priests Financial abuses Indulgences were abolished Rejected Protestant’s emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith
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Council of Trent Church could help believers achieve salvation
Using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith Consistent with the belief of millions Majority of Europeans remain Catholic
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Council of Trent No compromise between Catholics and Protestants
Bold action boost to Catholicism in Poland Other parts of Europe return to the Church Catholics felt renewed energy
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Council of Trent By 1700 Jesuits operated 699 colleges in Italy, Germany, and other places Future leaders educated in Jesuit schools Order had an influence over public affairs Worked in India, China, and Japan
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Reforming Catholics Charles Borromeo Archbishop of Milan
Decisive steps to implement reform Build new schools to educate priests Francis of Sales Founded a religious order for women Returned Calvinists to the church through missionary work
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Women and the Church Women took on more roles
Before Renaissance they lived in secluded convents 1543-Italian nun Angela Merici began Saint Ursula Company for teaching girls
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Women and the Church Jane of Chantal formed an order to teach girls to become teachers Schools throughout Europe Work denounced by anti-Jesuits and the church as dangerous
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Reforming Popes Used it to convert Jews, Muslims and later Protestants
Index of Forbidden Books- to stamp put rebellion People not to read books on the list Lose their souls Torture and execution damaged the Church’s image
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Persecution and Hysteria
Luther and Catholics viewed Jews as heretics Spain forced conversion or they had to leave Jews resettled in eastern and southern Europe Some areas they were forced to live in certain areas Called a ghetto
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Changes in Religion Renewed zeal spread Catholic faith to other continents North America- and elsewhere softened the harsh colonial rule Protestants broke away from the Catholic church and formed many factions
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Political Effects Rising sense of nationalism
Protestant Reformation encouraged formation of independent states and nations Rulers and merchants wanted less church involvement Political power separated from churches
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Italian Wars Italy bounced between two powers
Sack of Rome by Spaniards and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527 Italian wars ended in 1559 Expanded the Italian Renaissance
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Italian Wars Artist from Italy fled north bringing new techniques
Troops returned carrying new ideas
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