2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years: Seminar Week 6

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study Guideposts for Study  1. When and how do emotions develop, and how do babies show them?  2. How do infants show temperamental differences, and how enduring are those differences?  3.What roles do mothers and fathers play in early personality development?  4. How do infants gain trust in their world and form attachments?

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study Guideposts for Study  5. How do infants and caregivers "read" each other's nonverbal signals?  6. When does the sense of self arise, and what are three steps in its development?  7. How do toddlers develop autonomy and standards for socially acceptable behavior?

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study Guideposts for Study  8. How do infants and toddlers interact with siblings and other children?  9. What are the important issues when choosing early childhood care and why does quality of care matter ?

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Foundations of Psychosocial Development  Emotions  Communicate a person's inner condition to others  a response  Guide and regulate behavior

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Infant Emotions  Interpreting infants emotions is difficult- What are they thinking?  Misattribution- often we project what our own feelings would be if were we to smile or cry  Crying- infants main way of communicating  Why do they cry? – biologically based- development of mother-child bond -----keep me safe

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Kinds of Cries  Rhythmic cry  child reverts to this form after other forms are exhausted  Angry cry  loud  Pain cry  long wail followed by period of holding breath  Hunger cry  caregivers respond to immediately

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or displayTemperament  A person's characteristic, biologically- based way of approaching and reacting to people and situations  The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS), begun in 1956 by Thomas, Chess, and Birch= the pioneering study on temperament  Three categories: easy, difficult, slow-to- warm up

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Types of Infant Temperament

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Temperamental Patterns  Difficult Infants – irregular in eating and sleeping, do not adapt to change easily, higher incident of negative mood, high intensity of reaction to stimulation  Easy Infants- regular eating and sleeping habits, high adaptability to change, higher incident of positive mood, respond to new situations well  Slow to warm up- low activity level, slow to adapt to change, somewhat negative mood, moderate to low intensity of reaction to change  Goodness of fit- Environmental context “ fit” is a factor. We need to consider the child’s temperament in relations to environmental demands

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display  Can you… Discuss the role of temperament in an infants’ adjustment to new social situations and the importance of “ goodness of fit”? Discuss the role of temperament in an infants’ adjustment to new social situations and the importance of “ goodness of fit”?

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Earliest Social Experiences: The Infant In The Family  Mother’s Role (Video: Harlow Monkey’s)  Feeding is not the most important thing babies get from their mothers  Mothering includes the comfort of close bodily contact  Patterns of child raising and early social interactions vary from culture to culture and influence social development in many ways

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Father’s Role  Depends on motivation, confidence in his parenting skills, success as a breadwinner, relationship with the mother  Strong relationship between a father's involvement with his baby and the baby's development

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display How Parents Shape Gender Differences  Parental shaping of boys and girls personalities appears early and is referred to as gender typing ( process which children learn behaviour that their culture considers appropriate)  How do father’s & mother’s respond differently to their children?

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Developmental Issues In Infancy  Developing Trust  According to Erikson (1950), early experiences are the key  Trust vs. Mistrust ( 0-18 mths)  Sensitive, responsive, consistent caregiving  Trust ( view of hope)  Unfriendly, unresponsive, unpredictable- mistrust ( difficult trusting others)

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display  As infants which basic need would be most important and why? a) Food b) Shelter c) Comfort  Video: Harlow’s Monkey’s

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display What is Attachment?  Attachment  Reciprocal, enduring tie between infant and caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Studying Patterns of Attachment: Mary Ainsworth – Strange Situation  Secure attachment  baby greets mom happily when she returns  These children appear more competent, are better problem solvers, more independent, more curious, more resilient and fare better in kindergarten, better self esteem, higher emotional health  Video: Strange Situation

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Attachment Patterns con’t  Avoidant attachment  avoids mom when she returns.Research suggests that a insecurely attached child of this nature is likely to manifest anxiety disorder in later life. One study showed toddlers suffering from infantile anorexia were more likely to be insecurely attached.  Ambivalent (resistant) attachment  anxious even before the mother leaves; ambivalent when she returns

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Attachment Patterns con’t  Disorganized/disoriented  infants display range of disoriented behaviours, such as crying for parent at the door and then moving quickly away when they hear the parent approaching  Research suggests that they are more likely to have disruptive behaviour later in their development

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Role of Temperament on Attachment  Mothers sensitivity to her baby’s temperament influences attachment patterns ( crying, irritability, )  Baby’s temperament impacts attachment but indirectly impacts attachment as it is affecting the parents. ( dealing with a colicky baby)  “Goodness of Fit” between parents and child may be the key to understanding attachment

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Stranger Anxiety  Stranger anxiety  fear of an unknown person  Infants rarely react to strangers prior to 6 months  Not a lot of rhyme or reason regarding who the infant becomes fearful of

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Separation Anxiety  This anxiety may be due to the quality of substitute care and not the separation  Stability of care is important- continuity and consistency promotes early emotional bonds with caregivers

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Emotional Communication With Caregivers: Mutual Regulation  Any activity  a response from an adult can be an attachment-seeking behavior: sucking, crying, smiling, clinging, or looking into the caregiver's eyes  Trust  Secure attachment  Mistrust  Insecure attachment

26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Developmental Issues In Infancy Developmental Issues In Infancy  Social Referencing  Reading another person's nonverbal signals to get information on how to act  Babies look at their caregivers upon encountering a new person or toy

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Emerging Sense of Self  Physical self- recognition and self-awareness: Toddlers recognize themselves in mirrors or pictures by 18 to 24 months

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Emerging Self con’t  Self-description and self-evaluation: They have a concept of themselves as distinct beings  Emotional response to wrongdoing: Children are upset by a parent's disapproval

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display  How would you expect each of the three early stages in self-concept development to affect the parent-child relationship?

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Developing Autonomy  Autonomy versus shame and doubt  a shift from external to self-control. The emerging virtue is “will”.  Negativism  the tendency to shout "No!" just for the sake of resisting authority. Shame and doubt have a place during this stage, according to Erickson,however there must but it must be balance

31. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Socialization And Internalization: Developing A Conscience  Conscious, or effortful, control of behavior occurs first  Success of socialization, i.e. security of attachment, observational learning of parents' behavior, and the mutual responsiveness of parent and child

32. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Self Regulation  Control over own behaviour to conform to caregiver’s demands or expectations  Foundations of socialization  Growth of self regulation is linked with the development of the self conscious and ability to express and feel empathy, shame and guilt

33. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Contact With Other Children  Siblings  Rivalry is often present; so is affection  The more securely attached siblings are to their parents, the better they get along with each other

34. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Contact With Other Children  Sociability With Nonsiblings  Some children are more sociable than others, due to temperamental traits,i.e. mood, readiness to accept new people, and ability to adapt to change

35. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Children of Working Parents  The Impact Of Early Child Care  Most important element is stimulating interventions with responsive adult caregivers  who can provide early cognitive, linguistic, and social experiences  Quality of care is significantly important and contributes in measurable ways to a child’s cognitive and psychosocial development

36. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display  Can you…  List at least five criteria for good child care?  Compare the impact of child care and of family characteristics on emotional, social, family characteristics on emotional, social, and cognitive development? and cognitive development?

37. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display  In the light of findings about effects of early child care, what advice would you give a new mother about the timing of her return to work and the selection of child care?