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Chapter 14 Personality
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Psychoanalytic Approach (How the unconscious and childhood affect personality) Sigmund Freud Thought our feelings are mostly unconscious Thought dreams offered a path to the unconscious mind Believed the unconscious has 3 basic structures: Id, Ego, Superego
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ID Acts as a 2 year old: “I want, I want, I want!!!” Represents basic drives such as hunger Pleasure principle: The urge for immediate release of energy or emotion that will bring personal gratification, relief, or pleasure
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Ego “Stands for reason and good sense” Reality Principle: the understanding that in the real world we cannot always get what we want. Is aware of the id but tries to appease it before we are aware of it
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Superego Moral Principle: provides us with our moral sense. floods the ego with the feelings of shame when we’ve done something wrong.
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Defense Mechanisms of the EGO Methods used to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause personal anxiety Repression: pushing ideas/emotions/memories to the unconscious mind Rationalization: deceiving ourselves with excuses to justify unacceptable behavior Displacement: changing target of an emotion to a less threatening person
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Regression: dealing with stress by returning to a childish state. Projection: people seeing their own faults in others Reaction formation: acting differently from their true feelings Denial: ignoring thoughts or feelings Sublimation: channeling aggression into something else more appropriate
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Freud’s Stages of Development No proof that any of this is true
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Stage: Oral Characteristics: 1 st year of life To understand an object, a child puts it in their mouth Mouth is main source of pleasure because of food
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Causes & signs of fixation: Parents do not give the infant enough attention Smoking, overeating, excessive talking, and nail biting.
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Stage: Anal Characteristics: Between 1.5-2 years old Children now can control their own bodily functions
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Causes and signs of fixation: Anal Retentive: perfectionists VS.
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Stage: Phallic Characteristics: 3 years old Children start to recognize the physical differences between the sexes
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Causes and signs of fixation: See the same sex parent as a rival Can lead to depression, excessive guilt, & anxiety
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Stage: Latency 5-6 years old Repress all aggressive urges
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Causes and signs of fixation: None Nada Zip Zilch Cero Nichts Can’t be fixated here
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Stage: Genital Characteristics: Starts at puberty Become more aware of gender identity
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Causes & reasons for fixation: Conflicts from earlier stages become more apparent during this stage.
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Karl Jung 1. Collective unconscious: a common pool of images derived from our species’ universal experiences. 2. Archetypes: symbolic imagery (superman, fairy godmother, mother earth, father time.)
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Alfred Adler Inferiority Complex: feelings of inadequacy and insecurity. Example: physical problems & the need to compensate for them.
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Karen Horney Emphasized parent-child relationships She thought that genuine & consistent love could temper the effects of even the most painful childhoods.
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Rorschach inkblot test
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Trait Perspective Personality testing/factor analysis: Myers-briggs Analyzes different factors making up persoanlity
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W.T. Norman’s Big Five Personality Traits Openness – (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience.artemotion adventure curiosity
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Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy- going/careless). A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behaviour.self-discipline dutifully achievement
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Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of otherssurgency stimulation
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Agreeableness – (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind). A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.compassionate cooperative suspiciousantagonistic
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Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability. angeranxietydepression vulnerability
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The Humanistic Approach (Personality based on free will) Abraham Maslow: self-actualization (reaching your full potential) Maslow believed other animals do not do this.
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Carl Rogers Self-concept: a view of oneself as an individual The Self-Concept & Congruence: Consistency between one’s self-concept & one’s experience Example: If your self-concept is inconsistent with how others view you, it can cause anxiety.
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Carl Rogers continued… Conditional Positive Regard: child feels disappointment in themselves= lower self- esteem. Unconditional Positive Regard: high self-esteem
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Social-Learning Theory Albert Bandura Environment shapes us/we shape environment
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Erik Erikson Thought relationships were the most important part of the developing personality. These relationships could cause a person to trust or mistrust others.
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Is success better defined by personal achievement or what we contribute to the groups we are part of?
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Individualism vs. Collectivism Western Culture: Individual based When asked to define themselves it’s usually based on personal identity. Example: “I am out going” or “I am a nurse”
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Africa, Asia, Central & South America: Collectivistic When asked to define themselves it’s usually based on group association. Example: “I am a father”, “I am a Buddhist,” or “I am Japanese”
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The Learning Approach to Personality (Personality based on observation) John B. Watson: external influences-not internal- largely shape people’s behavior.
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B.F. Skinner: Agreed with Watson
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