2. The Periodic Law
Dmitri Mendeleev (1860) When the elements are placed in order by increasing atomic mass, their properties repeat in a periodic way.

3. Moseley (~1910)
Changed the elements’ order from atomic mass to atomic number.

4. An atom’s chemical properties are determined by its valence (outside energy level) electrons. The identity of the element (what element an atom is) is determined by the number of protons it has.
Protons

5. Atoms tend to lose, gain or share electrons in order to get an electron configuration like a noble gas.
                        

6. Elements are arranged:
Vertically into Groups
Horizontally Into Periods

7. Arrangement of Table
Metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals

8. Metals Over 75% of the elements are classified as metals.
They are located to the left and lower parts of the periodic table.

9. Properties of Metals Malleable Usually shiny, gray colored
Capable of being shaped or formed by being hammered
Usually shiny, gray colored
Conduct electricity
Conduct heat
Ductile
Capable of being drawn out into a wire
Usually solids at room temperature

10. Metals Form Cations & Alloys
A CATION forms when an atom loses one or more electrons.
Metals are mixed with other metals to form alloys.
Mg --> Mg e-
Stainless Steel Refrigerator

11. Nonmetals They are found in the upper right part of the table. Metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals

12. Nonmetal properties are more diverse than the metals.
solid, liquid, or gas at room temp
usually poor heat conductors
usually poor electrical conductors
solids are brittle

13. Nonmetals Form Anions
An ANION forms when an atom gains one or more electrons

14. Metalloids (also called semimetals)
They are found on the table between the metals and the nonmetals.
Metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals
They have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Examples are silicon, arsenic, and germanium

15. Periods (Energy Levels)
Horizontally Rows
There are 7 periods in the periodic table.
The inner transition metals are actually “inside” periods 6 and 7.

16. Periodic Trends Across a period, atomic radius tends to decrease .
Across a period, ionization energy tends to increase .

17. Elements are arranged:
Vertically into
Groups (also called chemical families)

18. Groups
Eight tall groups of main group (representative) elements, numbers ending in A, or #1-2 &
Ten shorter groups of transition metals, numbers ending in B or #3-12.
Elements in the same group have the same valence electron configuration, and therefore have similar chemical and physical properties.

19. Down a group, atomic radius increases and ionization energy decreases.

20. Increasing
Increasing

21. Alkali Metals reacting with water:
Group 1A: Alkali Metals Properties
Group or Family Members
Li (Lithium) – least reactive
Na (Sodium)
K (Potassium)
Rb (Rubidium)
Cs (Cesium) – more reactive
Alkali Metals reacting with water:
What would you expect from Francium?!?!

22. Group 1A: Alkali Metals Properties
Valence electron configuration (period)s1
2) Highly reactive with H2O to form alkaline solution.
1) Soft, silver-colored metals

23. Group 1A: Alkali Metals Properties cont.
3) They tend to form +1 ions
Li --> Li e-
4) Low density (some float in water
They are part of the s block.

24. Now get one color and outline the Alkali Metal Family.

25. Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals
Silvery-White Metals
Many are found in rocks in the earth’s crust

26. Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals cont.
Valence electron configuration (period) s2

27. Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals Properties
1)react w/water to form alkaline solution
2)not as reactive as Group 1
3)not as soft as Group 1
4)tend to form +2 ions
Mg --> Mg e-
Part of the s-block

28. Now get one color and outline the Alkaline Earth Metal Family.

29. Groups 3B through 2B or 3 through 12 Transition Metals

30. Groups 3B through 2B or 3 through 12 Transition Metals Properties
1) often form colored compounds
2) harder than Groups 1 and 2

31. Groups 3B through 2B or 3 through 12 Transition Metals
Many of these elements can form ions with varying charges, such as Fe+3/Fe+2, Cu+2/Cu+1
Part of the d-block

32. Now get one color and outline the Transition Metals

33. Groups 3A or 13: Boron Family (sometimes known as Aluminum Family)
Valence electron configuration (period) s2 p1
Properties become more metallic down the group.
Part of the p -block

34. Now get one color and outline the Boron Family (sometimes known as Aluminum Family)

35. Groups 4A or 14: Carbon Family
nonmetals C
metalloids Si, Ge
metals Sn, Pb

36. Groups 4A or 14: Carbon Family cont.
Valence electron configuration (period) s2 p2
Properties become more metallic down the group.
Part of the p -block

37. Groups 4A or 14: Carbon Family cont.
Elements that exist in more than one form are called allotropes.
An example is carbon in forms of
Graphite
Diamonds
Buckyballs
Amorphic

38. Now get one color and outline the Carbon Family

39. Group 5A or 15: Nitrogen Family
nonmetals N, P
metalloids As, Sb
metals Bi

40. Group 5A or 15: Nitrogen Family
Valence electron configuration (period) s2 p3
Properties become more metallic down the group.
Nonmetals tend to form ions with - 3 charge.
N --> N e-
Part of the p -block

41. Now get one color and outline the Nitrogen Family

42. Group 6A or 16: Oxygen Family
nonmetals O, S, Se
metalloid Te
metals Po
Valence electron configuration (period) s2 p4

43. Group 6A or 16: Oxygen Family
Properties become more metallic down the group.
Nonmetals tend to form ions with - 2 charge.
O --> O e-
Part of the p -block
Important allotropes from this group are oxygen in forms O2, oxygen gas and O3, ozone

44. Now get one color and outline the Oxygen Family

45. Group 7A or 17: Halogen Family (“saltmakers”)
Members – all nonmetals F, Cl, Br, I, At
Valence electron configuration (period) s2 p5
Part of the p -block

46. Group 7A or 17: Halogen Family (“saltmakers”) cont.
Very reactive, electronegative (measurement of the attraction for electrons) because these atoms need only one electron to have the same electron configuration as a noble gas.
Tend to form ions with - 1 charge.
F --> F e-

47. Now get one color and outline the Halogen Family

48. Group 8A or 18: Noble Gases
Sometimes called “inert gases,” though most can be made to react.
Valence electron configuration for He 1s2, all others (period) s2 p6

49. Group 8A or 18: Noble Gases cont.
Properties
1. all are gases at room temp
2. relatively unreactive
Part of the p -block
They have no common ionic charge because they don’t form ions, have stable electron configurations

50. Now get one color and outline the Noble Gases

51. Inner Transition Metals
Usually considered together because of their similar properties.
Belong inside periods 6 and 7, but are moved to fit on a page better.
Elements are called the lanthanides; 89—103 are the actinides.

52. Inner Transition Metals cont.
Part of the f block
Many of these are radioactive (have unstable nuclei); Pm and all elements past uranium are radioactive.
Tend to form ions with +3 charge.

53. Now get one color and outline the Inner Transition Metals