1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Arts in the mid-1800s

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Identify the common themes in American literature and art in the mid-1800s. Describe the flowering of American literature in the mid-1800s. Discuss the development of unique American styles in art and music. Objectives

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People transcendentalism – a movement that sought to explore the relationship between humans and nature through emotions rather than through reason Ralph Waldo Emerson – the leading transcendentalist who wrote popular speeches and essays individualism – the unique importance of each individual

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) Henry David Thoreau – a transcendentalist who wrote Walden civil disobedience – the idea that people should peacefully disobey unjust laws if their conscience demands it Herman Melville – author of Moby-Dick Nathaniel Hawthorne – author of The Scarlet Letter Louisa May Alcott – author of Little Women

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did American literature and art have an impact on American life? Americans were divided by sectionalism and slavery, but they were united by nationalism and an optimistic belief in the possibility of improving themselves and society. These ideas were expressed in and reinforced by American art and literature.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Before 1800, American writers and artists modeled their work on European styles. However, by the mid- 1800s, American writers and artists had begun to develop styles that reflected American optimism and energy. Their work explored subjects that were uniquely American. They used formal language and referred to Greek and Roman myths.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Washington Irving Stories“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” “Rip Van Winkle” Famous character Rip Van Winkle was a lazy farmer who slept through the American Revolution. InspirationDutch history of New York

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. James Fenimore Cooper NovelsThe Deerslayer The Last of the Mohicans Famous character Natty Bumppo was a frontiersman who kept moving westward and criticized the destruction of nature. ImpactCooper’s novels helped American literature gain popularity in Europe.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. By the early 1800s, a new artistic movement called Romanticism took shape in Europe. A small but influential group of writers and thinkers in New England developed an American form of Romanticism. Romantics emphasized the importance of nature, emotions, and imagination.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Humans This movement was called transcendentalism, and its goal was to transcend human reason. Transcendentalists argued that humans should pursue a close link with nature and live simply. Nature Humans seeking beauty, goodness, and truth within their own souls.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a leading transcendentalist, wrote speeches and essays in which he urged Americans to: question the value of material wealth, and pursue higher values instead. rely on principles of individualism to guide their lives and improve society.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Another leading transcendentalist, Henry David Thoreau: spent two years living in the woods at Walden Pond, meditating on nature. published Walden, a book in which he urged Americans to live simply.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Like Emerson, Thoreau believed people must judge right and wrong for themselves. He encouraged civil disobedience and once spent a night in jail for refusing to pay taxes that he felt supported slavery. Thoreau’s ideas about civil disobedience and nonviolent protest influenced later leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Two later novelists, who were both fascinated by psychology and extreme emotions, began to change the tone of American literature. Herman Melville’s 1851 novel, Moby- Dick, told the story of a sea captain who destroys himself during an obsessive search for a white whale. Today, Moby-Dick is considered one of the greatest American novels.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Nathaniel Hawthorne often used historical themes to explore the dark side of the mind. In his 1850 novel, The Scarlet Letter, a young Puritan minister is destroyed by secret guilt. Hawthorne—who was descended from the Massachusetts Puritans—paints a grim picture of Puritan life.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Louisa May Alcott presented a gentler view of New England life in her 1868 novel Little Women, a story about four sisters growing up together. The novel’s main character, Jo March, was one of the first young American heroines portrayed as a real person rather than as a shining ideal.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Poets of Democracy Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Longfellow based poems, such as “Paul Revere’s Ride,” on American history. “The Song of Hiawatha” was one of the first works to honor Native Americans. Walt WhitmanIn books of poetry such as his 1855 Leaves of Grass, Whitman is seen as the poet who best expresses the democratic American spirit. Frances Watkins Harper and John Greenleaf Whittier Harper and Whittier wrote poems that described and condemned the evils of slavery.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After 1820, American artists turned away from European themes and focused on American landscapes.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Hudson River School was a group of artists who painted scenes of the Hudson River valley. Painters of this school sought to stir emotions with the beauty of nature.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Other American painters were inspired by the daily lives of common Americans. George Caleb Bingham painted scenes of life on the great rivers. George Catlin captured the ways and dignity of Native Americans.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Just as art and literature shifted away from European themes, American songs also drifted away from English, Irish, or Scottish tunes. Over time, there emerged a wide variety of new American songs such as work songs and spirituals. The most popular American songwriter of the 1800s was Stephen Foster, composer of “Camptown Races.”