1. Kenneth E. Turner, Ph.D. Research Animal Scientist and Lead Scientist USDA Agricultural Research Service Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center Beaver, WV 25813

3. o  100 Research Locations  2100 Scientists  1000 Research Projects  22 National Programs o

4. USDA Agricultural Research Service Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center Beaver, WV http://www.ars.usda.gov/naa/afsrc

6. Agricultural History YearTotal U.S. Population% Farmers 17903,929,21490 184017,069,45369 186031,443,32158 189062,941,71443 190075,994,26638 1920105,719,62027 1950151,132,00012.2 1970204,335,0004.6 1980227,020,0003.4 1990246,081,0002.6 2000 2010 281,421,906 310,233 000 1.9 ?

7. Livestock Nutrition

8. Beef Cattle (Angus crossbred)

9. Traditional Sheep (Suffolk crossbred)

10. Meat Goats (Boer crossbred)

12. Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum Small Intestines Esophagus Ruminant Caecum Large Intestines

13. Grazers vs Browsers Cattle are grazers: 70% herbage 20% forbs and 10% browse Sheep are intermediate: 60% herbage 30% forbs 10% browse Goats are browsers: 20 % herbage 20% forbs and 60% browse Substitute 5 sheep or 6 goats for 1 cow

14. Goats browsing black locust trees Goat browsing (top to bottom)

15. Grazers vs. Browsers Horses are grazers: 90% herbage 4% forbs 6% browse

16. Grazing Pasture Manage pasture to supply adequate nutrition. Goats select plant parts with highest nutritive value. Maintain pasture/browse area. Reduce disease and control parasites. Milk production response to supplementation depends on pasture quality (Langston Univ. study) using wheat, clover, crabgrass, sudangrass, wheat/ryegrass.

17. Dairy Goats Dietary Protein Intake 76% used for milk protein production 14% used for milk lactose production 10% used for milk butterfat production Breed Differences European dairy goats 3.8% BF Nubians higher BF Acetate  Palmitate  Butterfat

18. Increasing Butterfat Don’t over feed supplement  never > 50% diet. Supplement to Forage Ratio approaches 2:1 (too high). Feed forage, then supplement 3 to 4 times during day vs. supplement 2 times (only at milking time). Good quality forage; low quality forage reduces BF (feed buffers). Dried brewer’s grains  acetate  BF. Breed for high BF and milk production. A few Nubians in flock add BF to tank.

19. Milk Protein Protein in milk ~ 3% Increasing grain or fat in diet does not increase milk protein. If diet low in protein, feeding protein (especially rumen escape protein) can increase milk protein.

20. Milk Urea Nitrogen Blood Urea Nitrogen MUN ~8-16 mg/dl (BUN ~10-14 mg/dl). MUN < 8-10 mg/dl; protein needed. MUN > 16 mg/dl; overfeeding protein; energy needed. BUN > 19-20 mg/dl; overfeeding protein  Reproductive failure (decreased conception). Energy:Protein ratio; TDN:CP ratio

21. Maintain Pasture with High Nutritive Value As nutritive value (Energy and CP) of forage declines (especially CP) as plant matures. Animals become more susceptible to GI parasites: Kids > Yearlings > Older Does Lambs > Yearlings > Older Ewes

22. Definitions Forages—edible parts of plants (not grain) that can be grazed or mechanically harvested (herbages, forbs, and browse). Herbages—(grasses); usually, above-ground biomass of herbaceous (non-woody) plants other than grains; includes roots and tubers. Forbs—(Legumes, weeds, and herbs); any herbaceous broadleaf plant that is not a grass or not grass-like. Browse—leaf and twig growth of woody plants, vines, shrubs, brambles, trees, and other non-herbaceous plants.

23. Cool-season Grasses KY bluegrass Orchardgrass Smooth bromegrass Tall fescue (not recommended)

24. Warm-season Grasses Big bluestem Switchgrass Bermudagrass Indian grass

25. Legumes Alfalfa Birdsfoot trefoil Red clover Lespedeza (Perennial and Annual)

26. Others Annual Grasses Oats Winter rye Winter wheat Forbs Chicory Brassicas (turnip, kale, etc).

27. Feedstuff Percent Energy (TDN) Percent Protein (CP) Orchardgrass Pasture6518 Clover Pasture6925 Mature Pasture508 Honeysuckle7216 Grass Hay5812 Mixed Hay5015 Legume Hay6218 Poor Hay508 Corn8910 Soybean Meal8844 Barley Grain8413.5 Complete Pellets7812-16

28. Table 1. Seasonal average of nutritive value parameters for Autumn Olive (AO), Multiflora Rose (MFR), and Morrow’s Honeysuckle (HS) over the 1999 growing season. ItemAOMFRHSSig.SE Total N,%4.24a2.32b2.67b***0.13 CP, %26.5a14.5b16.7b***0.83 Total S, %0.44a0.20c0.29b***0.03 N:S Ratio10.212.410.8NS0.75 IVOMD, %63.2b67.0a,b68.5aP=0.061.77 NDF, %33.2a27.7b26.5b***1.03 ADF, %20.217.518.0NS1.39

29. Forages Low nutritive value forage 40-50% TDN Good nutritive value forage 55-70% TDN Concentrate feeds 70-90% TDN

30. CP in Grasses (General) Leaves contain more CP than stems. WSG have more stems than leaves; thus CP may be lower. Application of nitrogen fertilizer (costs $$$) improves CP content. Maintaining swards in vegetative stage improves CP content.

31. CP in Legumes Legumes have higher CP than grasses Legumes –Alfalfa –White clover or Red clover –Lespedeza –Birdsfoot trefoil

32. Condensed Tannins in Ruminants Reduce bloat in ruminants Increase “Rumen-escape Protein” Enhance protein-use efficiency and immune system via rumen escape-protein Influence nitrogen cycle in the ruminant to reduce nitrogen overloads and methane in the environment. Act as an anthelmintic (dewormer) to reduce fecal egg counts (FEC) in small ruminants.

33. BioActive Forages Lambs grazing Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) had lower FEC and GI nematodes than Ryegrass-White clover. Marley et al. 2003. Vet. Parasitol. 112:147-155. Condensed tannins

34. Birdsfoot Trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus L.)

35. BioActive Forages Goats grazing Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) had lower FEC after 5 days; FEC rebounded when grazing non- tannin forages. Min et al., 2004. Small Ruminant Res. 51:279-283. Condensed tannins

36. Sericea Lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don]

37. BioActive Forages Lambs grazing Chicory had fewer nematodes than Ryegrass-White Clover Marley et al., 2003. Vet. Parasitol. 112:147-155. Sesquiterpene lactones Condensed tannins

38. Forage Chicory Flower (Cichorium intybus L.)

39. Forage Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

40. Cool-season Forages

41. Periods of Insufficient Cool-Season Herbage (Quantity and Quality) Extending Grazing Season--- What do I do??? Warm-season grasses Prairie Bromegrass Use of brassicas in fall (turnips, rape, kale) Stockpiled forages (requires N fertilizer) Hay feeding $$$ Supplemental energy (corn) $$$ or by-product feeds: distillers grains, brewers grains, corn gluten feeds—check high sulfur (excess sulfates/PEM) and Ca:P (1:1 to 2:1) ratio (urolithiasis/urinary calculi)]

42. Allow: 12 inches per lamb or kid 15 inches per ewe or doe Use feed troughs in pastures for supplemental feeds

43. WATER Daily requirements: Animal Gallons Range Dairy Cow20 (15-25) Beef Cow-calf pair15 (12-20) Yearling bovine10 (6-14) Horse10 (8-14) Sheep or Goat 2 (2-3) Goats do need water; may not drink a lot.

44. Water Public water system Well Pond Spring development May need to do periodic water tests for quality (NO 4 -, SO 4 -, Fe, Ca, Cu, toxins, etc.)

45. http://www.ars.usda.gov/naa/afsrc