1. PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES
TKT Essentials
Moscow 2009

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this session you will be able to:
Distinguish the differences between warmer and lead-in stages
Assess the advantages and disadvantages of presentation techniques

3. WARMER/LEAD-IN DIFFERENCES
What were the main differences between the two activities you have just done (Hangman and the group discussion on how new language was presented)? Which one is a WARMER? Which is a LEAD-IN?

4. WARMER/LEAD-IN DEFINITION
A WARMER is an activity at the start of the class to prepare learners for an English lesson. They should be of short duration.
A LEAD-IN introduces the theme of the class.
They can also be used to prepare the class for a new activity during the lesson.
A warmer is not necessarily related to the topic of the lesson whereas a lead-in introduces the topic of the lesson.

5. WARMER/LEAD-IN DIFFERENCE
Which of the following are warmers and which are lead-ins:
Asking learners to stand in a line according to height then divide learners into equal groups.
Asking learners if they read magazines and elicit what sections there are in magazines.
Ask learners what shops they like going to and why?

6. Technique actually takes place in a classroom.
It is a PARTICULAR TRICK used to accomplish an immediate objective.
TECHNIQUES must be consistent with a METHOD, and therefore in harmony with an APPROACH as well.

7. Different methods in language teaching
The Total Physical Response (TPR)
The Grammar-Translation
Presentation, Practice, Production (PPP)
Test – Teach – Test (TTT)
Task-Based Learning (TBL)
Guided Discovery

8. Total Physical Response (TPR)
It was developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jose State University, California in the 1960s.
The teacher presents the language in the form of commands which are demonstrated and modeled by the teacher and fulfilled by the students.

9. TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR) advantages
Memorable, good for younger learners and lower levels
Fun
Good for kinaesthetic learners. There is also visual input (teacher’s gestures) and auditory input (teacher’s words)
Can be used with large classes
Doesn’t require a lot of preparation

10. TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR) DISadvantages
Limited amount of words this can be used for
Some learners may find it embarrassing
Not always suitable for more advanced levels

11. Grammar-Translation (Origin)
Other names: German, Classical, Traditional
Began in Germany in 1780s for teaching classical languages: Greek and Latin.
Focused on learning grammatical rules and translation of texts.
Was not taught for oral communication, but in order to help students read and appreciate literature.

12. Grammar-Translation (Approach and goals)
This method has no theory behind it.
The goal of the method was to present students with grammar rules and word lists, and then translation exercises with the same rules and words.
The ability to communicate in the target language is NOT a goal.
The danger is that it teaches people ABOUT the language but doesn’t really help communicate effectively with it.

13. GRAMMAR TRANSLATION ADVANTAGES
Some learners respond to rules or enjoy grammatical analysis.
It can be an effective way of comparing L1 and L2 to help develop language awareness

14. Grammar translation disadvantages
Not very meaningful, some words/structures are difficult to translate accurately
Focuses on accuracy at the expense of fluency
Learners read and write a lot, but do not get many opportunities to speak the foreign language or to use it creatively

15. The Audio-Lingual Method (Origin and principle)
Other name: the Army Method
Originated in American army education in 1940s
The main principle is: the target language is first presented in spoken form before written form. “Language is speech not writing”.
Classes are based on drilling the patterns by a simple method of imitation and repetition.

16. The Audio-Lingual Method (Approach and goals)
ALM is based on behavioral psychology: stimulus – response – reward (which makes the response automatic).
The goal is to enable the student to perform orally in common conversational situations (automatic production of the language patterns filled with various content).

17. Presentation – Practice – Production (PPP)
Setting up a situation
Eliciting (or modeling) the language that fits the situation
Having students practice the new language in a controlled way
Encouraging students to use the new language in a freer way

18. Presentation practice production (PPP) advantages
Language is presented in context
Language is practiced in a safe environment where it’s harder to make mistakes

19. Presentation practice production (PPP) disadvantages
Learners might not be ready or need the language practiced
It’s very controlled and can be teacher- centered
The production stages don’t necessarily involve real communication

20. Test – teach - test
1 You see what the learners know and create a need for the target language 2 Present the language 3 Practice using the target language

21. Test – Teach – Test Advantages
Can be adapted to different types of language
Gives learners opportunities to try to work things out
Learners can identify what they need to learn
Teachers can identify what needs to be taught

22. Test – Teach – test Disadvantages
Learners may feel frustrated
Activities may break down in the first test stage if learner language knowledge is insufficient
The lesson stages may involve too much input
Learners may not have sufficient opportunities to practice

23. Communicative Language Teaching (Principles)
1970s reaction to Grammar-Translation and Audio-Linguistic Methods
First principle: language is not just patterns of grammar with vocabulary items, but also language functions such as inviting, agreeing, suggesting, etc, which students should learn how to perform using a variety of language exponents.

24. Communicative Language Teaching (clt)
The second principle: enough exposure to language, and opportunities for language use – then language learning will take care of itself.
Communicative activities let students use all and any language they know to communicate.
People learn English not to know about it, but to communicate with it.

25. Task-Based Learning (TBL)
Introducing the topic or task (by brainstorming, using texts, etc).
Doing the task (in pairs without correction)
Planning the reporting back (teacher goes around advising)
Reporting back (students speak in front of the class; teacher chairs and comments but doesn’t correct).
Teacher input.
Language analysis, review and practice.

26. TASK BASED LEARNING advantages
Learners can learn language when needed, use language experimentally
Learners can engage in real communication, and get good opportunities to communicate
Learners can depend on their own resources
The contexts for communication are fairly natural
Language can arise from learner needs

27. Task based learning disadvantages
Doesn’t suit all leaning styles and some learners may prefer more structure and guidance
The technique may call for considerable classroom management skills with some classes
Teachers may feel uncomfortable in the role of observer, monitor and language diagnostician

28. Guided Discovery advantages
Learners are active
This technique promotes learner independence
This technique suits learners who enjoy reflecting and analysing

29. Guided discovery disadvantages
Doesn’t suit all learning styles and some learners may prefer more structure and guidance
Can be time- consuming, and so may not suit presentation of all new language items

30. Thank you! Guided Discovery Task Based Learning TPR PPP
Grammar Translation
Test-Teach-Test