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Carbohydrates are the most abundant macromolecules of life are made up entirely of C, H, O Functions of Carbohydrates are: Plant Structure cellulose gives.

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Presentation on theme: "Carbohydrates are the most abundant macromolecules of life are made up entirely of C, H, O Functions of Carbohydrates are: Plant Structure cellulose gives."— Presentation transcript:

1 Carbohydrates are the most abundant macromolecules of life are made up entirely of C, H, O Functions of Carbohydrates are: Plant Structure cellulose gives structure to many plant walls Immediate Energy Needs carbohydrates are broken down to glucose glucose is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ATP is the body's energy currency Long-Term Energy Storage glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

2 Monosaccharides Glucose main source of our fuel formed by plants found in many foods C 6 H 12 O 6 Galactose forms lactose Fructose found in fruit/honey Ribose found in RNA Deoxyribose found in DNA

3 Disaccharides

4 Polysaccharides Starch plant energy storage found in potatoes, rice corn and wheat Glycogen animal energy storage Cellulose plant structure source of dietary fiber Chitin found in insects and crustacean shells

5 Fruits Consume a variety of fruits and no more than one-third of the recommended intake as fruit juice

6 Vegetables Choose a variety of vegetables from all five subgroups several times a week

7 Dietary Fiber

8 Fiber Soluble Insoluble

9 head beard kernels stem root a wheat plant a kernel of wheat husk (chaff) bran (14%) endosperm (83%) germ (2.5%) What’s in Whole Grain? Germ Endosperm Bran Husk What’s in White Bread? Endosperm

10 Gallbladder stores bile Liver uses blood cholesterol to make bile Intestine: bile aids digestion; binds to fiber Fiber and bile excreted in feces A little cholesterol in bile reabsorbed into the blood 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. High-Fiber Diet

11 Gallbladder stores bile Liver uses blood cholesterol to make bile Intestine: bile aids digestion Little bile excreted Much of the cholesterol in bile absorbed into the blood Low-Fiber Diet 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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14 diverticula colon Diverticulosis Diverticulitus

15 Table 4-4, p. 111

16 Fig. 4-9, p. 112

17 Grains Make at least half of the grain selections whole grains

18 The Added Sugar Problem

19 Watch for Refined Sugars

20 Solid Fats and Added Sugars Limit intakes of food and beverages with solid fats and added sugars

21 Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds are polymers made from a set of 20 monomers or amino acids The Function of Proteins are: Body and Cellular Support collagen in your skin, hair, bones, and arteries provide strength CAM (cell adhesion molecule) proteins anchor cells together Organ and Body Movement actin and myosin filaments in muscle regulate muscle contraction Cellular Communication receptors, hormones, and MHC proteins allow cellular communicate Transportation of Nutrients hemoglobin carries oxygen via red blood cells throughout the body Regulation of Physiological Functions enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters regulate many activities

22 Protein Structure Chain of Amino Acids Held Together by Peptide Bonds Has 4 Levels of Structure Primary Secondary Tiertiary Quarternary

23 Essential Amino Acids

24 Peptide Bonds

25 Teeth

26 Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue

27 Connective Tissue Cartilage Bone Adipose Tissue

28 Membrane Proteins Cell Proteins serve many different purposes

29 Enzymes Catalyze chemical reactions

30 Fig. 6-17, p. 204 Protein Sources

31 Seed pods (peas), where nitrogen is stored Root nodules, which capture nitrogen Legumes

32 Fig. 6-18, p. 205

33 Fig. 6-13, p. 195 Meatless Protein?

34 Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dried Peas and Beans, and Nuts Make lean or low-fat choices

35 Lipids are non-polar molecules and are therefore not soluble in water Functions of Lipids are: Cell Structure phospholipids and cholesterol make-up each cell's plasma membrane Long-Term Energy Storage triglycerides are stored in adipose or "fat" tissue Hormonal Regulation steroid hormones regulate reproduction Organ Protection fats surround organs and offer protection from wear and tear Insulation fats fill the outer layers of the body to insulate us from cold temperatures

36 1. Triglycerides

37 2. Phospholipids

38 3. Sterols

39 Fig. 5-4, p. 144 SaturatedMonounsaturatedPolyunsaturated Point of unsaturation Points of unsaturation

40 p. 144 Saturated Fats

41 Fig. 5-11, p. 154 Saturated Fats

42 Lipoproteins

43 Fig. 5-9a, p. 151 Protein Cholesterol Phospholipid Triglyceride Higher densityLower density LDL (more lipid, less protein) HDL (Less lipid, more protein) Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0

44 Atherosclerotic Plaques

45 Solid Fats and Added Sugars Limit intakes of food and beverages with solid fats and added sugars

46 You Can Control Your Saturated Fat!

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49 Fig. 5-5, p. 145

50 p. 174

51 Essential Fatty Acids

52 Omega-3 Fatty Acids

53 Table 5-5, p. 157

54 Oils Select the recommended amounts of oils from among these sources

55 Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese Make fat-free or low-fat choices

56 Candies 1% Breakfast cereals 1% Salad dressings 3% Household shortening 4% Potato chips, corn chips, popcorn 5% Fried potatoes c 8% Milk and other dairy products; meat b 21% Margarine d 17% Commercial cakes, cookies crackers, doughnuts, pies, bread, other bakery items 40% Sources of Trans Fats:


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