1. Lesion size (mm) 5 0 10 Control * Exposed leaves Exposed leaves Control Lesion size (mm) a abc ab abc ab a a a a a a a a a d a a a cd a a a bcd abc d a cd bcd a 12 8 4 0 Even MVOC can induce resistance response in plants infectedhealthy

2. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Volatile emission (nmol / l / h) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Retention Time (min) 2 2 Intact plants Gray mold-inoculated plants 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 * * 145810 SPME/GC-MS analysis on VOCs emitted from B. cinerea-infected plants.

3. Matsutake mushrooms （松茸、 Tricholoma matsutake ） OH (R)-1-Octen-3-ol Matsutakeol 1-Octen-3-ol might be derived from the fungi, a representative of MVOC (microbial volatile organic compound).

4. (bp) 650 500 300 200 650 500 300 200 COMJMS AOS COMJMS HPL COMJMS PDF1.2 COMJMS PR-1 COMJMS PR-2 COMJMS PR-3 COMJMS Actin AOS: allene oxide synthase HPL: hydroperoxide lyase PDF1.2: plant defensin PR-1: pathogenesis related protein-1 PR-2: pathogenesis related protein-2 PR-3: pathogenesis related protein-3 MOVC can induce defense responses in plants. C: control O: 1-octen-3-ol MJ: methyl jasmonate MS: methyl salicylate

5. Copyright ©2004 American Society of Plant Biologists Ryu, C.-M., et al. Plant Physiol. 2004;134:1017-1026 PGPR VOCs can modulate infection severity of Arabidopsis seedlings by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora strain SCC1 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bacillus subtilis

6. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 C6-aldehyde (nmol/g fr wt) (Z)-3-hexenal(E)-2-hexenaln-hexanal 0.25 mM0.025 mM0.05 mM intact disrupted Control 0.1 mM (E)-2-hexenal Some VOCs can retard the growth of pathogens. 0 min 20 min Botrytis cinereaFusarium sp. 0.1 mM (E)-2-nonenal

7. Plants must attract insects as pollinators.

8. ！ SOS SOS SOS SOS SOS SOS SOS SOS Herbivore Parasitic wasp

9. Parasitic wasps lay eggs in the bodies of herbivores Finally the herbivores are killed

10. Number of wasps Undamaged P. rapae damaged Artificially damaged I.F.= Incomplete flight 0 10 20 30 40 wtAH-5 I.F. =17 wt 0 10 20 30 40 * I.F. =11 2 h AH-5 0 10 20 30 40 * I.F. =10 2 h 0 10 20 30 40 AH-5wt I.F. =13 0 10 20 30 40 I.F. =17 0 10 20 30 40 AH-5wt AH-5 I.F. =14 * 0 10 20 30 40 AH-5wt I.F. =9 2 h 16 h 2 h 16 h Wild type plants Transgenic plants forming lower amounts of volatiles Wild typ vs Transgenics How can the parasitic wasps chose plants where they can find the targets? Parasitic wasps don’t like transgenic plants that form lower amounts of volatile compounds.

11. (Dolch & Tscharntke, 2000) Alder Herbivorous beetle

12. Science of bioactive volatile compounds establishing plant-microbe interaction Objectives: Plants can form a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (PVOCs). Microorganisms also form a wide variety of MVOCs. An ecosystem surrounding plants consisits of plants, microbes, and insects. They interact each other in a various way; in some cases, by retarding their growth, or in the other cases, promoting their growth. In either the cases, VOCs function as means to communicate each other. This function is based on bioactivities of VOCs; however, there still remain many things to be clarified about functions of VOCs. It has also been assumed that there are many VOCs whose functions have not been studied, or there still remain many VOCs to be identified in nature. Wide knowledge on functions of VOCs must facilitate their applications, such as pest-management, or food preservation, and so on. The objectives of this project are (1) comprehensive survey of bioactive VOCs in Thailand and Japan, (2) evaluation of their bioactivities, and (3) application of their bioactivities.

13. Plants Mammals Insect Microbes Volatile Organic Compounds Establish Ecosystems! If volatile compounds would be visible……,

14. Asian CORE Program (http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-asia/e-acore/acore.html) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science The objective of this program is as follows. Having as its objective the establishment of Asian research hubs that conduct world-standard research and foster outstanding young researchers, this program supports joint research based on equal partnerships with counterpart countries. Over the 5-year duration of projects, JSPS supplies funding in an amount of up to ¥100 million(or up to ¥20 million per year), and asks partner agencies to shoulder equal burden sharing. (Started from FY 2005.)

15. Essential oil of grape fruitsEssential oil of lavender Sympathetic nerve Parasympathetic nerve White adipose Brown adipose Pancreas Stomach K. Nagai et al. Y.M.P.-international Corporation.

16. Forced to swim for 15 min Exposure to the volatiles for 5 min Open field experiment (30 min) Effect of green leaf volatiles on recovery from fatigue

17. Total length of migration 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Times to go into the center 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Migration rate 0 2 4 6 8 Highest migration rate 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Rapid recovery after the exposure (Wistar) Volatile exposure + - + P < 0.05 P < 0.005 P < 0.1 - cm/sec cm Volatile exposure

18. *** Number of Fos positive cells 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Green leaf volatile reduce the induction of Fos protein under stressed conditions ControlExposedControlExposed No stressStressed

19. Copyright restrictions may apply. Sasabe, T. et al. Chem. Senses 2003 28:565-572; doi:10.1093/chemse/bjg048 Activated areas in response to odor stimuli superimposed upon MRI slices Figure 1 Activated areas in response to odor stimuli superimposed upon MRI slices. Hexenol/hexenal, isoamylacetate, and acetic acid commonly increased rCBF in the prepyriform area (the primary olfactory cortex) in Monkey A, B and C. In addition, rCBF in the substantia innominata, orbitofrontal cortex (the secondary olfactory cortex) and cerebellum were occasionally increased. The right scheme is a lateral view of monkey brain indicating coronal slice locations. The color scales indicate the range of t-values. Cb, cerebellum; L, left; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PPA, prepyriform area; R, right; SI, substantia innominata.

20. Arabidopsis thaliana 1-Octen-3-ol Glass jar (1 L)