1. The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute

2. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

3. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Fictional Planets Tatooine / Star Wars B612, Dune, Terminus, Tatooine Hundreds more listed on Wikipedia page

4. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Age of Planets

5. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 R Jup ≈ 11 R Earth R sun ≈ 10 R jup M sun ≈ 1000 M jup M Jup ≈ 320 M Earth

6. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 The Planet Zoo No Fancy Names - just plain old lowercase alphabet, excluding a What is a planet anyway? HR8799d - 3rd planet discovered around the star HR8799 Poor Pluto isn’t.

7. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 1942 - Kaj Strand: Nearby triple star system 61 Cygni has a companion 16 M Jup Indirect detection is a possibility; tiny signals are easily misinterpreted. The First “Detections” 1963 - Peter van de Kamp, Sproul Observatory, Perturbations in Barnard’s Star track ⇒ 1.6 M Jup planet Never confirmed... many other claims followed

9. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 PSR 1257+12bcd Alex Wolszczan PSR 1620-26 (Becker et al. 1992) Rocky planets can be at odd places and may form easily. Wolszczan et al. 1992 b: 0.02 M earth at 0.19 AU with P=25d c: 4.1 M earth at 0.36 AU with P=67d d: 3.8 M earth at 0.46 AU with P=98d Pulsar, timing variations

10. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

11. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 51 Peg Mayor & Queloz 1995 Nature Sun-like star + Jupiter-mass Planet! 4.2 day orbital period! Lessons: 1) Planets can be very close to their host stars 2) Planets migrate 3) Expect the Unexpected G2 sun-like star, V=5.5 mag - Radial Velocity

12. GJ 876

13. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 876 System Delfosse et al. 1998 Marcy et al. 1998 Correia et al. 2010 GJ876b: 2.6 M J planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998) GJ876c: 0.83 M J planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998) GJ876d: 0.02 M J =6.3 M E planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005) M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity

14. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

15. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 876 System What we learned: 1) Planets can form around cool red dwarfs 2) Giant planets in resonant orbit (2:1) 2) Multiple planets with very different masses Jupiter-sized planets are rare around low-mass stars Delfosse et al. 1998 Marcy et al. 1998 Correia et al. 2010 GJ876b: 2.6 M J planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998) GJ876c: 0.83 M J planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998) GJ876d: 0.02 M J =6.3 M E planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005) M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity

16. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? GJ581b: 16 M E planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005) GJ581c: 5 M E planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581d: 8 M E planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581e: 2 M E planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009) M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity

17. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity

18. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? GJ581b: 16 M E planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005) GJ581c: 5 M E planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581d: 8 M E planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581e: 2 M E planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009) M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity

19. ESO

20. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? Habitable planets around cool red dwarfs? GJ581b: 16 M E planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005) GJ581c: 5 M E planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581d: 8 M E planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581e: 2 M E planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009) M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity The habitability of the GJ581 system remains debated.

22. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 HD189733b HD209458b K1 star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity G0 sun-like star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity HD 209458b: 0.6 M J planet at 0.047 AU with 3.5 day period (1999) HD 189733b: 1.1 M J at 0.03 AU with 2.2 day period Planetary Transits and Eclipses provide Information on Atmospheric Composition!

23. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 HD189733b HD209458b CO Swain et al. (2009) CH 4, Water Swain et al. (2009) Water Tinetti et al. (2007) Spitzer Space Telescope HST Water, methane, CO Multiple teams, HST, Spitzer

24. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Corot-1b G0 star, V=14 mag - Transit Rogers et al. 2009 Too bright! 1 M Jup planet at 0.025 AU with 1.5 day period

25. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

26. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 WASP-18 F9 sun-like star, V=9.3 mag - Transit Survey WASP-18b: 10.4 M J at 0.02 AU with 0.94 day period Hellier et al. 2009 Tidal interactions - planets swallowed in less than a million year?

27. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 436 From Sasselov 2008

28. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 1214b GJ1214b: 6.55 M E planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M ⊙ - Transit Survey Charbonneau et al. 2009 Transit Depth: 1.3%

29. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Charbonneau et al. 2009

30. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 1214b GJ1214b: 6.55 M E planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period Charbonneau et al. 2009 Transit Depth: 1.3% Planet Radius = 12% of R star (R pl / R star ) 2 =1.3% R star = 0.2 R sun = 0.2 Rsun × 109 R earth [R sun = 109 R earth ] R GJ1214b = 12% of 20% of 109 R earth = 2.6 R earth Volume? (2.6) 3 = 17.6 Earth Volume Density: 6.55 M earth / 17.8 V Earth = 37% of Earth’s Density! Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M ⊙ - Transit Survey

31. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 1214b - The Ocean World GJ1214b: 5.7 M E planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period Nature Mass: 6.55 Earth Mass Density: 37% of Earth Density Stellar Luminosity: 0.3% of Sun Semi-major axis: 0.014 AU Insolation: 15× that of Earth Equilibrium Temperature: A B = 0 T eq = 555 K = 539 F A B = 0.75 T eq = 393 K = 247 F Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M ⊙ - Transit Survey

32. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Chauvin et al. 2004 2MASS1207b - The Little Brown Dwarf and the Big Planet 2MASS1207b ~8 M Jup Brown dwarf, 62 pc, 0.025M ⊙ - Direct Imaging Planetary-mass Objects may form in Different Ways Temperature - Brightness - Radius Inconsistency

35. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Fomalhaut A3 star, 7 pc, 2.1 M ⊙ - Direct Imaging Mass < 3 M Jup Proj. separation: 115 AU Kalas et al. 2008 Contribution from Scattered Light Unknown nature

36. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Golimowski et al. Kalas & Jewitt

37. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Beta Pic Lagrange et al. 2009 Beta Pictoris A6 star, 19 pc, 1.8 M ⊙ - Direct Imaging Mass ~ 8 M Jup Proj. separation: 8 AU To be confirmed

38. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 HR 8799 bcd Marois et al. 2008 VLT/NACO A5 star, 39 pc, 1.5M ⊙ - Direct Imaging Marois et al. 2008 HR8799b: 5-11 M J planet 68 AU (P~460yr) HR8799c: 7-13 M J planet at 38 AU (P~190yr) HR8799d: 7-13 M J planet at 24 AU (P~100yr) Perplexing System - Very High Relative Planet mass at very large separations!

39. Chauvin et al. 2004 Marois et al. 2008 2MASS1207 Beta Pic Lagrange et al. 2009 Kalas et al. 2008 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

40. The Grand Tour of Exoplanets - Vast Diversity Observed Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute Summary - Super-Jupiters, Neptunes, Super-Earths Earths, - Planets close to the Habitable Zone - Earth-sized Planets - Atmospheric Properties and Composition Exciting Times for Planets! - Keep an Eye on NASA’s Kepler Mission!