1. Circandian Rhythm

2. A cycle or rhythm this is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological process

3. Superchiasmatic nucle us (SCN)

4. A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms

5. Melatonin

6. A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness

7. Electroencephalograph

8. An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scale to measure and record the brain’s electrical activity

9. EEG (electroencephalogram)

10. The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph

11. REM sleep

12. Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed: also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep

13. NREM Sleep

14. Quiet typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep

15. Beta brain waves

16. Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness

17. Alpha brain waves

18. Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness

19. Hypnagogic hallucinations

20. Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep

21. Sleep spindles

22. Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep

23. K complex

24. Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep

25. REM rebound

26. A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted

27. Restorative theory of sleep

28. The view that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning

29. Adaptive theory of sleep

30. The view that the unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote survival and environmental adaptation; also referred to as the evolutionary theory of sleep

31. Sleep disorders

32. Serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress

33. Insomnia

34. A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep

35. Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

36. A condition in which unpleasant sensations in the lower legs are accompanied by an irresistible urge to move the legs, temporarily relieving the unpleasant sensation but disrupting sleep

37. Sleep apnea

38. A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

39. Sleepwalking

40. A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism

41. Night terrors

42. A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called sleep terrors

43. Parasomnias

44. A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep bruxism, and REM sleep behavior disorder

45. REM sleep behavior disorder

46. A sleep disorder in which the sleeper acts out his or her dreams

47. Dream

48. A storylike episode of unfolding mental imagery during sleep

49. Nightmare

50. A frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep

51. Manifest content

52. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer

53. Latent content

54. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream

55. Activation-synthesis model of dreaming

56. The theory that brain activity during sleep images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis)

57. Hypnosis

58. A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions which changes in perception, memory, and behavior

59. Posthypnotic suggestion

60. A suggestion made during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session

61. Posthypnotic amnesia

62. The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion

63. Hypermnesia

64. The supposed enhancement of a person’s memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion

65. Dissociations

66. The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity

67. Neodissoication theory of hypnosis

68. Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during hypnosis

69. Hidden observer

70. Hilgard’s term for the hidden, or dissociated stream of mental activity during hypnosis

71. Meditation

72. Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness

73. Psychoactive drug

74. A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior

75. Physical dependence

76. A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order avoid withdrawal symptoms

77. Drug tolerance

78. A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect

79. Withdrawal symptoms

80. Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependant

81. Drug rebound effect

82. Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug’s action

83. Drug abuse

84. Recurrent drug use that results in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems

85. Depressants

86. A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity

87. Barbiturates

88. A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness

89. Tranquilizers

90. Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety

91. Inhalants

92. Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness

93. Opiates

94. A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties

95. Stimulants

96. A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness

97. Caffeine

98. A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the- counter medications

99. Nicotine

100. A stimulant drug found in tobacco products

101. Amphetamines

102. A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite

103. Cocaine

104. A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree

105. Stimulant-induced psychosis

106. Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use; also called amphetamine psychosis or cocaine psychosis

107. Psychedelic drugs

108. A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect judgment

109. Mescaline

110. A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus

111. LSD

112. A synthetic drug

113. Marijuana

114. A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant

115. MDMA or ecstasy

116. Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects

117. Dissociative anesthetics

118. Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine

119. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

120. Founder of psychoanalysis; proposed that dream images are disguised and symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and urges

121. Ernest R. Hilgard (1904-2001)

122. American psychologist who extensively studied hynosis and advanced the neodissociation theory of hypnosis

123. J. Allan Hobson (b. 1933)

124. Contemporary American psychiatrist and neurobiologist who has extensively researched sleep and dreaming; proposed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming

125. William James (1842-1910)

126. American psychologist and philosopher who proposed that the subjective experience of consciousness is an ongoing stream of mental activity