1. Material Technology
Asphalt

2. Asphalts – origin and manufacturer
Binding agent produced from coal (coal tars, pitches, etc.,)
Produced from crude oil
Asphalt Cement: a dark brown or black colored bituminous materials used for hotmix asphalt
Asphalt is viscous materials, means that exhibits both viscous and elastic behaviour
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3. Asphalts – origin and manufacturer
Asphalt (Europe & North America)
It is means a mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregates, such as rolled asphalt, mastic asphalt, gussaphalt)
Asphalt (North America) is bitumen
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5. Production of Petroleum Asphalt
Asphaltic Base Crude Oil
Basic Type of Petroleum
Paraffin Base Crude Oil
Mixed Base Crude Oil
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6. Distillation Process Distillation of petroleum is Fractional
Produce by Physical Process
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7. Production of Petroleum Asphalt
STRAIGHT RUN PROCESS
Overheating
Chemical changes
(Distillation process – under controlled)
TWO STEPS OF PRODUCT PROCESS
Pumping process (crude oil to tube heater)
Distillation process
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8. Atmospheric pressure distillation
Series of traps to catch distillates
Decreasing temperature
Naphtha
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel Oil
To further distilling and cracking processes
5000F high pressure
Still tube heater
From storage
Hot topped crude (atmospheric residuum)
Path of Gas
Level control of distillate
Schematic Cross Section of distillate trap
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9. Vacuum steam distillation
Partial Vacuum
Series of traps to catch distillates
Light vacuum distillate
Heavy vacuum distillate
Non volatile oils
5000F high pressure
Still tube heater
Hot top crude
steam
Asphalt cement
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10. The fractions of Petroleum
Product Type
Boiling Point (0F)
Light Distillate
Gasoline
100 – 400
Medium Distillate
Kerosene
350 – 575
Heavy Distillate
Diesel Oil
425 – 700
Very Heavy Distillate
Lubricating Oil
> 650
Residue
Asphalt
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11. Chemical composition Structure: Composition(%):
High molecular-weight hydrocarbon
CnH2+bXd (X = sulfur, Ni, O, trace-metal)
(n = 25 – 150 atoms)
Composition(%):
Carbon – Nitrogen
Nitrogen Sulfur – 7
Oxygen – Trace metal 0 – 0.5
Affecting: boiling point, solubility, viscosity
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12. Molecular composition
ALIPHATIC:
Paraffin – carbon atom linked in straight or brain chains
NAPTHENIC:
Carbon atom are linked in simple-complex (condensed) saturated rings
AROMATIC:
Carbon atom are linked in especially stable benzene rings
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13. Physical structure
ASPHALTHENES
100%
OILS
100%
100%
RESINS
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14. Constituent of A. C. Phase Component C/H Ratio Contribution Dispersion
Oils
< 0.4
Viscosity & Fluidity
Dispersed
Asphalthenes
> 0.8
Strength & Stiffness
Interfacial
Resins
-- 0.6
Adhesion & Ductility
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15. SOL TYPE SOL-GEL TYPE GEL TYPE Asphalthenes are fully separated
Still bound, but not closely
Asphalthenes are discrete
Viscous fluid
Elastic when load applied
Strongly bound in 3 D
No elasticity
In nature – visco-elastic
Elastic, in-elastic, permanent deformation
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16. increased decreased glass transition Temperature
Properties of Asphalt:
Function of: (Temperature; Chemical Nature; Volume of Constituent)
Temperature
increased
decreased
glass transition
More dissolve in resin
More dissolve in oils
Less viscous
Less soluble
Micelle bound in ordered structure
More viscous
Frozen
Rigid
Brittle
Visco-elastic solid
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17. LIQUID ASPHALT Cutback asphalt
Cutback Asphalt are produced by blending as asphalt cement with a hydrocarbon solvent
Classified as based on curing phase:
RC = rapid curing (asphalt mixed with gasoline);
MC = medium curing; (asphalt mixed with kerosene)
SC = slow curing (asphalt mixed with diesel oil)
Grade range estimated based on viscosity) and types:
RC range: RC 70 (70-100); RC 250 ( ); RC 800 ( ); RC 3000 ( )
MC range: MC 30 (30-40); MC 70 (70-140); MC 250 ( ); MC 3000 ( )
SC range: SC 70 (70-140); SC 250 ( ); SC 800 ( ); MC 3000 ( )
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18. Solvent Concentration (% volume)
Cutback ASPHALT
Type
Base Asphalt Cement
Solvent
Solvent Concentration (% volume)
Slow Curing (SC)
Low viscosity
High penetration
DIESEL FUEL
0 - 50
Medium Curing (MC)
Medium viscosity
Medium penetration
KEROSENE
15 – 45
Rapid Curing (RC)
High viscosity –
Low penetration
NAPTHA/Gasoline
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19. LIQUID ASPHALT Emulsified asphalt
Emulsified Asphalt are produced by breaking asphalt cement into very fine droplets or particles and dispersing these in a mixture of water and a surface active emulsifying agent.
Two type of emulsified asphalt: anionic and cationic
Classified based on setting time:
Anionic Emulsified Asphalt:
RS = rapid setting: RS1; RS2
MS = medium settingMS2
SC= slow settingSS1; SS2
Cationic Emulsifed Asphalt:
RS ; RS-2K; RS-3K
MS ; SM-K; CM; K
SS ; SS –K; SS-Kk
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20. Specification for Asphalt Cement
Test
Penetration Grade
200 – 300
Min
Max
Penetration test at 250C 100 gram, 5 sec 40 50 60 70 85
100
120
150
200
300
Flash point 0F (Cleveland Open cup)
450 -
425
350
Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, cm
100*
Solubility in trichloroethylene, %
99.0
Retained penetration after thin film oven test, %
55+
52+
47+
42+
37+
Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, after thin film oven test _ 75
Source: ASTM D946 Standard Specification for Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement for use in Pavement Construction
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21. Method of Testing Penetration Specific Gravity Ductility Viscosity
Flash Point
Softening Point
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22. Penetration
To measure the hardness or softness of a bitumen material under a given set of condition
The consistency test used to designate grade of asphalt cement
Results (common used):
Pen
Test Reference: ASTM D5
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23. Penetration D Asphalt Cement 770F or 250 C
100 gram
Asphalt Cement 770F or 250 C
D = penetration in units of 0.1 mm
Load of 100 gram is applied for 5 second at 770F or 250 C
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24. Specific Gravity Procedures: Specific Gravity =
Reference: ASTM D70 (specific gravity and density of semi-solid bituminous materials)
Procedures:
The sample is heated until it can be poured
The material is placed in a pycnometer
The asphalt volume is determined by taking the difference between total vol of the bottle and the volume of water required to complete the filling
Specific Gravity =
A=weight of pycnometer B = weight of pycnometer filled w water C= weight of pycnometer partially filled with asphalt D= weight of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water
(C – A)
(C – A) – (D – C)
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25. Ductility Procedures:
Reference: ASTM D113 (Ductility of Bituminous Materials)
Procedures:
The two ends of briquette specimen are pulled apart at a specified speed and temperature in a liquid medium
The ductility is measured by the distance to which it will elongated before breaking.
Temperature test is 250C, elongation rate is 5 cm/minute
Total elongation is average at max 200 cm
The objective of test are: -adhesiveness; and –elasticity of asphalt
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26. Media Cairan – alkohol atau cairan garam
Ductility Machine
Gaya Tarik
Gaya Tarik
Media Cairan – alkohol atau cairan garam
Benang Aspal
Klem
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27. Panjang Sampel + pasca penarikan
Ductility Test Result
Panjang Sampel
P kg
Daerah Putus
Panjang Sampel + pasca penarikan
P kg
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28. Adhession: Cohesion: Ductility Affects
The ability to stick to aggregate particles in the pavement
Refer to the molecular force that exists in the area of contact between unlike bodies
Cohesion:
The ability to hold the particles firmly in place
The molecular force that acts to unite the particles (cohesive organization)
Ductile material has an excellent adhesive and cohesive properties
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29. Softening Point Transition between solid to liquid
The higher the softening point, the less the temperature susceptibility
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30. Softening Point RING and BALL method
Reference: ASTM D 36 – 66T (test for softening point of Asphalts and Tar Pitches
RING and BALL method
Heat is applied to raise temperature from 410 F at a rate of 90 F/min
The temperature is read from a thermometer at the instant the asphalt sample touches the bottom of a reference plate
The temperature different between two balls do not exceed than 0.50 F
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31. Softening Point - temperature
asphalt
asphalt
heat
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32. Durability
Defined as the property that permits a pavement materials to withstand the detrimental effects of moisture, air and temperature.
Affected by i.e., mix design; properties of aggregate; properties of asphalt; and workmanships.
Method of test: -the thin film oven (ASTM D 1754); the rolling thin-film oven test (ASTM D 2872)
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33. Oxidation: Durability
The chemical reaction which takes place when asphalt is exposed to the oxygen in air
It affect the hydrogen in the asphalt combines with oxygen in the air and is removed as water molecules.
The loss of hydrogen increases the carbon/hydrogen ration, increases the hardness of materials and loss of ductility and adhesion.
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34. Volatilization Durability Affected by temperature
The process by which lighter hydrocarbons evaporates from the asphalt
Causes loss of plasticity in asphalt
The rate of oxidation and volatilization almost double for each 100C rise in temperature
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35. Solubility To determine the amount of cementing agencies present
Test reference ASTM D 4-52
To determine the amount of cementing agencies present
This is useful for native asphalt
To determine the amount of bitumen insoluble in naptha
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36. Flash Point
The flash point test are used to determine the temperature to which asphalt materials may be safely heated.
The flash point is the heating temperature at which the vapor pressure is high enough to give off sufficient hydrocarbon vapors to form an explosive mixture with air when contacted with open flame.
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37. Flash Point – temperature
thermometer
Asphalt sample
gas
heat
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38. Temperature Susceptibility
Asphalt will become harder (more viscous) with decrease in temperature and softer (less viscous) with increase in temperature.
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39. A and B are of identical viscosity grade
Asphalt B
Viscosity
Asphalt A
Temperature
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40. NATURAL ASPHALT
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41. Types of Asphalts –binders – origin and manufacturer
Lake Asphalts
Rock Asphalt
TAR
Bitumen
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42. Lake Asphalts Known as NATURAL Asphalt
Found in well defined surface deposits, such as located in Trinidad (discover by Sir Walter Raleigh – 1595)
Found in Venezuela, called as Bermuda Asphalt
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43. Lake Asphalts Trinidad Lake Asphalt
The lake is approximately 35 hectare and 90 meter deep, containing about 15 million ton of material.
Assume as originated as a surface seepage of a viscous bitumen in lake Miocene times. Lowering of the earth’s surface led to an incursion of the sea and as a result deposited silt and clay over the bitumen.
Part of silt and clay penetrated the bitumen, forming a plastic mixture of silt, clay, water and bitumen. Subsequently the land was elevated above sea level, lateral pressure deforming the material into its present shape of a pseudo-laccolite.
Erosion remove the silt and clay covering exposing the surface of the lake.
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44. Lake Asphalts the composition
Trinidad Asphalt
30 percent water and gas
40 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon disulfide)
30 percent mineral matter
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45. Lake Asphalts the characteristics
Crude Trinidad Asphalt
Penetration at 770 F is range 1,5 – 4,0
Ductility at 770 F is 3
Solubility in carbon disulfide is 57 – 57 percent
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46. Lake Asphalts Bermuda Lake Asphalt
The lake is approximately 445 hectare and 0,5 – 2,4 meter deep
Containing the largest deposits (volume still unknown).
Exuded ages ago through faults in the underlying rock strata
To remove the asphalts a dam is built of slag and waste and the water is pumped out, asphalt is dig out by hand and loaded into small cars.
The water is not thoroughly mixed with the asphalt.
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47. Lake Asphalts the composition
Bermuda Asphalt
60 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon disulfide)
3 percent insoluble non-mineral matter
2 percent mineral matter
30 percent water
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48. Lake Asphalts the characteristics
Crude Bermuda Asphalt
Penetration at 770 F, is range 20 – 30
Ductility at 770 F is 11
Non-uniformity is Nature
Solubility in carbon disulfide is 92 – 97 percent
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49. Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer
Formed by the impregnation of calcareous rocks (limestone; sandstones) with seepage of natural bitumen.
The product can be mined (quarried) and contain approx. 12% mass bitumen
Asphalt content on the rock vary to a approx. 20%
Used as a mixture of the asphalt and the rock that contains it
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50. Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer
The advantages:
It produces a non skid surface (often used as an anti-skid surfacing material)
It is uniform in quality
It is uniform in appearance
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51. Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer
The disadvantages:
it sandy characteristic causes it to wear off easily and thus shorten its life cycle)
It is comparatively expensive (available only in a limited location
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52. Rock Asphalt other types
Gilsonite:
The deposit was found in Salt Lake City – UTAH – USA
Found by S.H. Gilson
Found in veins, more or less vertical and varying in width from a fraction of an inch to 18 ft
Commonly known as ASPHALTITES (asphalt which has a high softening point)
The color is not reflecting the hardness of asphalt, generally color is relatively light
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53. End of Session
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55. TAR origin and manufacturer
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56. Bitumen origin and manufacturer
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