1. Risk Factors and Teen Parenting

2. Objective
Content Objective: The students will be able to describe how heredity works as well as environmental risk factors that can occur during prenatal care by taking notes on their notes outline.

3. Heredity Heredity is determined at conception (fertilization)
All body cells except ova and sperm, contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
In females the 23 chromosomes are identical
In males, one pair of chromosomes is not made up of identical chromosomes
23 chromosomes are passed from the mother and 23 chromosomes are passed from the father to equal 46 chromosomes in the developing baby

4. Definitions Heredity Chromosome Gene
The passing of characteristics from biological parents to their children
A threadlike structure that carries genes
A unit of hereditary material

5. Sex Chromosomes
In females the pair of sex chromosomes is identical and called XX
Every ovum produced by a female contains an X chromosome
In males the sex chromosomes are not identical and are called XY.
Each sperm produced by a male contains either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome which determines the baby’s sex
The sex of a baby is determined by the sex chromosome from the father

6. Genes All chromosomes carry genes that contain hereditary material.
Genes determine inherited characteristics
There are two genes for every trait
One gene is located on each chromosome that makes up a pair

7. Dominant vs. Recessive Genes
Dominant Gene
Recessive Gene
Is a gene that overrides the expression of the other gene.
If there is one dominant and one recessive gene the dominant gene will trump the recessive gene
Gene whose expression is overridden by the dominant gene
Must have two recessive genes in order for that trait to appear such as blue eyes
Traits that occur more frequently are the result of recessive or dominant genes?

8. Avoiding Risk Behaviors
Prenatal Care
Avoiding Risk Behaviors

9. Amniocentesis
Definition – Is a procedure in which a needle is inserted through the uterus to extract fluid from the amniotic sac. The cells in this fluid are analyzed to determine if there are any genetic defects present
This procedure can be performed in the second trimester

10. Ultrasound
Definition – A diagnostic procedure used to monitor the fetus where high frequency sound waves are used to provide an image of the developing baby
Used to determine pregnancy and that the fetus is attached to the uterus
Also used to check the size and growth of the fetus
Used to determine sex of the fetus and if there is more than one fetus.

11. Environmental Factors vs. Genetic Factors
Any exposure that occurs by way of the mother and may cause a birth defect
Anything the mother puts into her body
Examples:
Alcohol
Smoking
Medications
Drugs
Nutrition
Children can be born with too few or too many chromosomes or a damaged chromosome that leads to a birth defect
Example:
Down Syndrome – Has an extreme chromosome
Hemophilia and Color Blindness - defect on gene based on by their mother’s x chromosome

12. Prenatal Care
Obstetrician – A physician who specializes in the care of pregnant women and the delivery of babies
The care that is given to the mother and baby before birth
Includes: Routine medical examinations, proper nutrition, reasonable exercise, extra rest and relaxation, childbirth and child-care education, avoidance of drugs and other risk behaviors and the practice of common sense

13. Review Question How does the developing baby receive nutrients
Through the umbilical cord which transports nutrients, oxygen and waste through the blood between the mother and developing baby

14. Nutrition A well-balanced diet is important to a pregnant female
Premature birth or low birth weight may result when the developing baby does not receive adequate nutrients

15. Medication
A pregnant female needs to check with a physician prior to taking any prescription or over the counter medications
These medications pass from the mothers bloodstream and into the developing baby’s bloodstream which can lead to birth defects

16. Things to Avoid when Pregnant
Drugs – marijuana, crack, cocaine, heroin, etc.
Smoking/Secondhand Smoke
Caffeine
Raw Fish
Uncooked Red Meat
Unpasteurized Dairy Foods
Hot Dogs/Lunch Meat
Alcohol

17. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
The presence of severe birth defects in babies born to mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy.
Includes Damage To:
The Brain/Nervous System
Facial Abnormalities
Small Head Size
Below Average IQ (intelligence)
Poor Coordination
Heart Defects
Behavior Problems

18. Smoking/Secondhand Smoke
Pregnant female should not smoke or inhale smoke from tobacco products
Can Cause:
Smaller Babies
At risk for heart disease in adulthood
Increases the risk of complications, miscarriage and stillbirth
Reduces the amount of oxygen that the baby receives

19. Activity
On your notes outline write down 5 goals you would like to achieve by the time you turn 20.
-Come up with a way that you can still achieve these goals if you have a child next year.

20. Teen Parenting

21. Facts about Teen Pregnancy
3 out of 10 teen girls in the U.S. will get pregnant at least once before they are 20
82% of teenage pregnancies are unintended
Teenage pregnancies are on the decline from 2011
1/4 of all teen moms have a 2nd child within 24 months of the first birth
The daughters of teen mothers are 3 times more likely to become teen mothers

22. Are you ready to be a parent?
With your row…
Create a breakdown of the costs you expect to spend in the first year of a child’s life.
Estimate what you expect 18 years of raising a child will cost you.
**Cost Calculator
**18 Year Cost Calculator

24. More than just finances
High Dropout Rate
Pregnancy is the leading reason why teenage girls drop out of school
Less than half of teen mothers ever graduate from high school
Fewer than 2% earn a college degree by the age of 30
Relationship/Marriage
8 out of 10 fathers do not marry the mother of their child.
Typically the fathers pay less than $800 per year for child support because they cannot afford to pay more
Time
Babies are high maintenance and require around the clock care
Will have to limit time spent with friends and time participating in activities you used to enjoy

25. More than just finances
Emotional
May begin to feel isolated from their peers
Frustrated by the reactions of others
Missing out on the partying and fun that their friends are participating in
May lead to resentment, envy and depression
Unable to relate to old friends

26. The Only Way you 100% Will Not Become Pregnant/A Teen Parent is To…
Choose ABSTINENCE
Abstinence – The practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something
Choosing to not be sexually active

27. Review Game