1. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-1 ECE-1466 Modern Optics Course Notes Part 1 Prof. Charles A. DiMarzio Northeastern University Spring 2002

2. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-2 ECE1466: Modern Optics Instructor: Chuck DiMarzio Office Hours: Thu 2-4 or by appointment E-mail: dimarzio @ ece.neu.edu Web: Check frequently for new material –http://ece.neu.edu/courses/ece1466/ece1466.html Course Mailing List: Use for general questions –mailto:ece1466@gnoson.ece.neu.edu –Send me e-mail and I will add your name.

3. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-3 Lecture 1 Overview Introduction –Why Optics? –A bit of history –Motivational Example; Microscope Administrivia –Course Layout –Grading –Syllabus

4. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-4 Why Optics? Absorption Spectrum of the Atmosphere Absorption Spectrum of Liquid Water Index of Refraction 1nm 1m1m 1m1m 1mm1m 1km 1nm 1m1m 1m1km1mm from Jackson

5. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-5 Earthlight

6. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-6 A Bit of History 1900180017001600200010000-1000 “...and the foot of it of brass, of the lookingglasses of the women assembling,” (Exodus 38:8) Rectilinear Propagation (Euclid) Shortest Path (Almost Right!) (Hero of Alexandria) Plane of Incidence Curved Mirrors (Al Hazen) Empirical Law of Refraction (Snell) Light as Pressure Wave (Descartes) Law of Least Time (Fermat) v<c, & Two Kinds of Light (Huygens) Corpuscles, Ether (Newton) Wave Theory (Longitudinal) (Fresnel) Transverse Wave, Polarization Interference (Young) Light & Magnetism (Faraday) EM Theory (Maxwell) Rejectionof Ether, Early QM (Poincare, Einstein)

7. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-7 More Recent History 2000199019801970196019501940193019201910 Laser (Maiman) Quantum Mechanics Optical Fiber (Lamm) SM Fiber (Hicks) HeNe (Javan) http://www.sff.net/people/Jeff.Hecht/chron.html Polaroid Sheets (Land) Phase Contrast (Zernicke) Holography (Gabor) Optical Maser (Schalow, Townes) GaAs (4 Groups) CO 2 (Patel) FEL (Madey) Hubble Telescope http://members.aol.com/WSRNet/D1/hist.htm Speed/Light (Michaelson) Spont. Emission (Einstein) Many New Lasers Erbium Fiber Amp Commercial Fiber Link (Chicago)

8. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-8 Some Everyday Applications Illumination Signaling Cameras; Film and Electronic Bar-Code Reader Surveying and Rangefinding Microscopy Astronomy

9. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-9 My Research Interests Biological and Medical Imaging –Acousto-Photonic Imaging (DOT and Ultrasound) –Optical Quadrature Microscopy Landmine Detection –Laser-Induced Acoustic Mine Detection –Microwave-Enhanced Infrared Thermography Environmental Sensing –Optical Magnetic Field Sensor –Underwater Imaging with a Laser Line Scanner –Hyperspectral Imaging Laboratory Experiments

10. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-10 Some Other Applications (1) Communication –Lasers and Fast Modulation –Fibers for Propagation –Fast Detectors –Dense Wavelength Diversity Multiplexing –Free-Space Propagation (Not Much) Optical Disk Memory –Lasers, Detectors –Diffraction Limited Optics

11. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-11 Some Other Applications (2) Photo Lithography for Integrated Circuits –Short Wavelength Sources –Diffraction Limited Optics Adaptive Optical Imaging –Non-Linear Materials or Mechanical Actuators Velocimetry and Vibrometry –Coherent Detection, Coherent Sources

12. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-12 Some Other Applications (3) Hyperspectral Imaging –Dispersive Elements –Large Detector Arrays –Fast Processing Medical Treatment –Delivery –Dosimetry

13. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-13 Some Recent Advances Laser Tweezers Optical Cooling Entangled-States Fiber-Based Sensors Optical Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

14. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-14 Motivation: Designing a New Microscope It’s Not Just About Resolution –Resolution Limited by Diffraction It’s About What Is Measured –Transmission, Reflection, Phase, Fluorescence, Polarization, Non-Linear Properties And About How Data Are Processed –Registration, Deconvolution, Tomography, Parameter Estimation And About Measuring Everything at Once

15. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-15 Contrast Features Material Properties –Wavespeed –Attenuation –Birefringence –Non-Linearity Composition: What are the materials? Quantitative Measurements: How much of each? Structure: How they are arranged? – Boundaries –Shapes

16. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-16 A Couple of Rules Frequency and Wavelength – =c where is frequency, is wavelength –c is the speed of light. Photon Energy – E = h where h is Planck’s constant Materials Absorb and Emit Photons with Corresponding Changes in Energy

17. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-17 Some Material Properties Absorption Energy EmissionFluorescence 2-photon

18. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-18 3-D Fusion Microscope DIC QTM TPLSM LSCM RCM

19. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-19 Interference and Quadrature Microscopy QWP Object CCD Laser Source

20. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-20 Mouse Embryos with DIC Image by Carsta Cielich in Carol Warner’s Laboratory at Northeastern University 4-Cell Embryo 2-Cell 1-Cell Multi-Cell Embryo  m Fragmented Cell Compacted Embryo

21. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-21 Mouse Oocyte with QTM 3993.jpg 10027.jpg 10028.jpg Unwrapped Phase Phase Amplitude

22. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-22 Reflectance Confocal; VivaScope 1000 - imaging in vivo Some 3D Scanning Microscopes thanks to Badri Roysam, RPI Fluorescence Confocal Two-Photon Microscope 100200300400500 600 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100200300400500 600 pxl

23. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-23 What Does Each Mode Contribute? DIC: –2-D Structure QTM: – 2-D Phase, 3-D Index and Absorption RCM: – 3-D Structure LSCM: – 3-D Composition TPLSM: – 3-D Composition (Endogenous Fluorophores)

24. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-24 Why Use This Example? Important Application Area Current Interest at Northeastern Coverage of Important Topics –Geometric Optics –Diffraction –Interference –Polarization –Non-Linear Optics –Lasers –Signals and Noise

25. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-25 Some Everyday Concepts (1) Specular and Diffuse Reflection Refraction Specular DiffuseRetro

26. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-26 Some Everyday Concepts (2) Imaging Wavefronts

27. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-27 High-School Optics F F’ Object Image

28. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-28 Basic Geometric Optics Reflection and Refraction Imaging –Real and Virtual –Image Location; Conjugate Planes –Magnification Transverse, Angular, Longitudinal Reflecting Optics (Not much in this course) Refracting Optics

29. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-29 Reflection  

30. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-30 Plane of Incidence ’’’’  Contains Normal Contains Incident Ray And Thus Contains Refracted Ray Is the Plane Shown in the Drawing Angles –Defined from Normal

31. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-31 Imaging First, Assume a Point Object –Spherical Wavefronts and Radial Rays Define Object Location –Find Image Location –Real or Virtual? Next Assume an Extended Object –Compute Magnification Transverse, Longitudinal, Angular

32. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-32 Where Are We Going? Geometric Optics –Reflection –Refraction The Thin Lens –Multiple Surfaces –(From Matrix Optics) Principal Planes Effective Thin Lens –Stops Field Aperture –Aberrations Ending with a word about ray tracing and optical design.

33. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-33 The Plane Mirror (1) Point Object Extended Object   AA’ -s’ s  AA’ BB’ h x x’

34. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-34 The Plane Mirror (2) dx’ dy’ds’ ds dy dx x’=x m=x’/x=1 Transverse Magnification ds’=-ds m z =ds’/ds=-1 Longitudinal Magnification  ’’=  m  =  ’’/  =1 Angular Magnification Image is Virtual (Dotted lines converge) Erect (m>0), Perverted (can not rotate to object) but not distorted (|m|=|m z |) (refer to picture on left side of previous page)

35. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-35 Refracting Surfaces (1) Snell’s Law ’’’’  n n’ 0102030405060708090 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Air to Water Air to Glass Air to ZnSe (10  m) Air to Ge (10  m)

36. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-36 Refracting Surfaces (2) Snell’s Law ’’  n n’ 0102030405060708090 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Water to Air Glass to Air ZnSe to Air (10  m) Ge to Air(10  m) Critical Angle

37. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-37 Sign Definitions Object Distance, s –Positive to Left Image Distance, s’ –For Refraction Positive to Right –For Reflection Positive to Left Notation –Capital Letter; Point –Lower Case; Distance –(Almost Always) s s’ s A A’ B B’ F F’ f

38. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-38 Real and Virtual Images Real Image –Rays Converge –Can Image on Paper –Solid Lines in Notes Virtual Image –Extended Rays Converge –Dotted-Lines in notes

39. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-39 The Thin Lens (1)

40. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-40 The Thin Lens (2) Front Focal LengthBack Focal Length ff’

41. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-41 Special Case: Thin Lens in Air Lens Makers Equation with d = 0Lens Equation ff’

42. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-42 Imaging Systems HH’VV’ D’Df s s’ f’ B B’ w w’ s, s’ are object and image distances w, w’ are working distances

43. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-43 Principal Planes with Bending -2012345 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 p1, Power of Front Surface, /cm. Locations: V, V',H,H' P 1 +P 2 =0.1/cm, z 12 =0.5 cm, n=1.5 HH’=VV’/3 holds, except for extreme meniscus lenses. H, H’ in lens from plano-convex to convex-plano. Mensicus lenses not common.

44. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-44 Bending an IR Lens (Ge: n=4) -0.8-0.6-0.4-0.200.20.40.60.81 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 p1, Power of Front Surface, /cm. Locations: V, V',H,H' P 1 +P 2 =0.1/cm, z 12 =0.5 cm, n=4 HH’=VV’X3/4 for n=4, over a wide range of bending. Meniscus lenses are more common in the IR because of the high indices of refraction, as we will see later.

45. March 02002 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University 10100-1-45 Some Optical Failures f’ f Right Focal Length, Wrong Principal Planes For the Application Meniscus Lens for Infrared Detector