1. BASIC NAVIGATION
Click on ‘F5’ to start.

2. Contents List. Click on a chapter.
BASIC NAVIGATION
Chapter 1 Basic Navigation.
Chapter 2 The Compass.
Chapter 3 Practical Navigation.
Chapter 4 Weather.
exit

3. Chapter 1 Basic Navigation

4. Chapter 1 Basic Navigation
Good navigation is all about knowing where you are on a map.

5. What is navigation all about?
a) Establishing your height above sea level.
b) Knowing where you are on the map.
c) Checking your position against GPS.
d) Finding your latitude and longitude.

6. Try again! OK
exit

7. What is navigation all about?
a) Establishing your height above sea level.
b) Knowing where you are on the map.
c) Checking your position against GPS.
d) Grid lines get closer together near the poles of the earth.

8. Longitude
45ºE
30ºE
15ºE 0º

9. Longitude
60ºW
45ºW
30ºW
15ºW 0º

10. Lines of longitude converge on the true north and south poles.

11. What happens to the lines of longitude as they approach the north pole?
a) They stay parallel.
b) They get closer together.
c) They follow the grid lines exactly.
d) They move apart.

12. Try again! OK
exit

13. What happens to the lines of longitude as they approach the north pole?
a) They stay parallel.
b) They get closer together.
c) They follow the grid lines exactly.
d) They move apart.

14. Curved Earth to flat map?

15. Curved Earth to flat map?

16. Curved Earth to flat map?

18. The National Grid

19. The National Grid Grid lines point to Grid North.
They are parallel and do not converge.

20. Longitude 2° West

21. Here, Grid North exactly equals True North
Longitude 2° West
Here, Grid North exactly equals True North

22. and other lines of longitude.
Longitude 2° West
and other lines of longitude.

23. The difference between Grid North and True North is less than 2º over most of the UK.

24. When navigating with a map it is important to use Grid North as your reference.

25. The difference between true north and grid north arises because:
a) Lines of latitude are not parallel.
b) Lines of latitude and longitude do not match grid lines exactly.
c) Lines of latitude and longitude match grid lines exactly.
d) Grid lines get closer together near the poles of the earth.

26. Try again! OK
exit

27. The difference between true north and grid north arises because:
a) Lines of latitude are not parallel.
b) Lines of latitude and longitude do not match grid lines exactly.
c) Lines of latitude and longitude match grid lines exactly.
d) Grid lines get closer together near the poles of the earth.

28. Grid lines on a map: a) Point to grid north.
b) Get closer together approaching the poles.
c) Point to true north.
d) Follow lines of latitude and longitude exactly.

29. Try again! OK
exit

30. Grid lines on a map: a) Point to grid north.
b) Get closer together approaching the poles.
c) Point to true north.
d) Follow lines of latitude and longitude exactly.

31. The difference between grid north and true north in the UK:
a) Is not more than 2 degrees in most places.
b) Is at least 2 degrees in most places.
c) Changes a little each year.
d) Always equals zero degrees.

32. Try again! OK
exit

33. The difference between grid north and true north in the UK:
a) Is not more than 2 degrees in most places.
b) Is at least 2 degrees in most places.
c) Changes a little each year.
d) Always equals zero degrees.

34. When navigating with a map, which north must you always use for reference?
a) True north.
b) Grid north.
c) Actual north.
d) Magnetic north.

35. Try again! OK
exit

36. When navigating with a map, which north must you always use for reference?
a) True north.
b) Grid north.
c) Actual north.
d) Magnetic north.

37. How many Norths do we have to consider when using an Ordnance Survey map?
b) 2.
c) 3.
d) 4.

38. Try again! OK
exit

39. How many Norths do we have to consider when using an Ordnance Survey map?
b) 2. Grid North and Magnetic North
c) 3.
d) 4.

40. Before using a map, it is important to turn it so that the features on the map are in their correct relative position to those features on the ground.

41. This is known as ‘setting’ or ‘orientating’ the map.
You should keep your map orientated at all times when walking.

42. It will help locate your approximate location more easily and relate any identifiable features on the ground to those on the map.

43. Setting a map is also known as:
a) Turning.
b) Mapping.
c) Orientating.
d) Clocking.

44. Try again! OK
exit

45. Setting a map is also known as:
a) Turning.
b) Mapping.
c) Orientating.
d) Clocking.

46. Orientating a map can also be called:
a) Ranging a map.
b) Organising a map.
c) Sighting a map.
d) Setting a map.

47. Try again! OK
exit

48. Orientating a map can also be called:
a) Ranging a map.
b) Organising a map.
c) Sighting a map.
d) Setting a map.

49. Setting or orientating a map is:
a) Positioning your map relative to the features on the ground.
b) Holding it flat and horizontal.
c) Holding it so that the contour numbers are the right way for reading.
d) Folding it correctly for use outdoors.

50. Try again! OK
exit

51. Setting or orientating a map is:
a) Positioning your map relative to the features on the ground.
b) Holding it flat and horizontal.
c) Holding it so that the contour numbers are the right way for reading.
d) Folding it correctly for use outdoors.

52. Correctly orientating your map will help you to:
a) Read place names more easily.
b) Read the numbers on contour lines more easily.
c) Measure distances more accurately.
d) Determine your approximate location more easily.

53. Try again! OK
exit

54. Correctly orientating your map will help you to:
a) Read place names more easily.
b) Read the numbers on contour lines more easily.
c) Measure distances more accurately.
d) Determine your approximate location more easily.

55. Why is it important to set a map before using it in the field?
a) So that a compass can be used to follow the required direction over the ground.
b) So that distances can be measured more easily.
c) So that features on the ground seen by the observer can be easily related to features on the map.
d) So that names printed on the map may be read more easily.

56. Try again! OK
exit

57. Why is it important to set a map before using it in the field?
a) So that a compass can be used to follow the required direction over the ground.
b) So that distances can be measured more easily.
c) So that features on the ground seen by the observer can be easily related to features on the map.
d) So that names printed on the map may be read more easily.

58. There are several ways of finding North without a compass
There are several ways of finding North without a compass. The following three methods apply in the northern hemisphere:
The Pole Star
Using a watch
The shadow method

59. The stars of the constellation known as The Great Bear or The Plough can be used to locate the Pole Star? (True North)
The Plough constellation comprises seven stars. These two are known as ‘the pointers’.

60. A line through the pointers, followed for a distance four times that between the pointers, will locate the Pole Star.
Pole Star 4d d

61. Which star group can be used to find the Pole Star?
a) Orion's Belt.
b) The Crab Nebula.
c) The Great Bear.
d) The Milky Way.

62. Try again! OK
exit

63. Which star group can be used to find the Pole Star?
a) Orion's Belt.
b) The Crab Nebula.
c) The Great Bear.
d) The Milky Way.

64. In this diagram of the star constellation The Plough, which letter indicates the correct position of the Pole Star?
a) W
b) X
c) Y W
d) Z X Y Z

65. Try again! OK
exit

66. In this diagram of the star constellation The Plough, which letter indicates the correct position of the Pole Star?
a) W
b) X
c) Y W
d) Z X Y Z

67. If you can see the sun, hold your watch horizontally and point the hour hand at the sun.
Bisecting the angle between the hour hand and the 12 o’clock position will give due south.
south
sun

68. If you can see the sun, hold your watch horizontally and point the hour hand at the sun.
Bisecting the angle between the hour hand and the 12 o’clock position will give due south.
south
During British Summer Time remember to bisect the angle between the hour hand and the 1 o’clock position.
sun

69. When using a watch to find north/south, what should be pointed towards the sun?
a) The 12 of the watch face.
b) The second hand.
c) The minute hand.
d) The hour hand.

70. Try again! OK
exit

71. When using a watch to find north/south, what should be pointed towards the sun?
a) The 12 of the watch face.
b) The second hand.
c) The minute hand.
d) The hour hand.

72. You are on the Isle of Wight on 21 November at 4 pm (GMT) and you hold your watch flat and correctly aligned as in the previous question, which arrow will be pointing north?
a) E
b) F
c) G
d) H

73. Try again! OK
exit

74. You are on the Isle of Wight on 21 November at 4 pm (GMT) and you hold your watch flat and correctly aligned as in the previous question, which arrow will be pointing north?
a) E
b) F
c) G
d) H

75. If the sun is shining sufficiently to cast a shadow, place a stick upright in the ground and mark the end of the shadow with a small stone.

76. If the sun is shining sufficiently to cast a shadow, place a stick upright in the ground and mark the end of the shadow with a small stone.
Wait 10 to 15 minutes and use a second stone to mark the new new position of the stick’s shadow.
A straight line between the two markers runs roughly West to East.
East
North
West

77. See the diagram. While on expedition in South Wales a cadet places a stick in the ground and watches the shadow move from position 1 to position 2. Which arrow points north?
a) W
b) X
c) Y
d) Z

78. Try again! OK
exit

79. See the diagram. While on expedition in South Wales a cadet places a stick in the ground and watches the shadow move from position 1 to position 2. Which arrow points north?
a) W
b) X
c) Y
d) Z

80. The Earth’s internal ‘Magnet’

94. Inclined to the Earth’s Axis

95. Inclined to the Earth’s Axis
Magnetic North Pole
Inclined to the Earth’s Axis

96. A compass needle will align itself with the earth’s magnetic field.

97. And point to the magnetic north pole.

98. But it moves slightly over the years.
The North Magnetic Pole is in currently in Northern Canada (north of Hudson Bay).
But it moves slightly over the years.
CANADA

99. CANADA

100. 1831
CANADA

101. 1904
1831
CANADA

102. 1948
1904
1831
CANADA

103. 1962
1948
1904
1831
CANADA

104. 1984
1962
1948
1904
1831
CANADA

105. 1994
1984
1962
1948
1904
1831
CANADA

106. 2000
1994
1984
1962
1948
1904
1831
CANADA

107. Since 1831 it has moved steadily north.
2000
1994
1984
1962
From the British Isles magnetic north is currently about 5° west of true north.
1948
1904
1831
CANADA

108. but over the longer term its movement seems random.?
but over the longer term its movement seems random.
2000
1994
1984
1962
1948
1904
1831
CANADA

109. Which physical property of the earth do we use when navigating using a compass?
a) The surface is covered with lines of latitude and longitude.
b) It has a magnetic field.
c) It has a gravitational field.
d) It rotates clockwise.

110. Try again! OK
exit

111. Which physical property of the earth do we use when navigating using a compass?
a) The surface is covered with lines of latitude and longitude.
b) It has a magnetic field.
c) It has a gravitational field.
d) It rotates clockwise.

112. A freely suspended magnetic needle will point:
a) To grid north.
b) To the geographical North Pole.
c) To the magnetic North Pole.
d) Straight down to the ground.

113. Try again! OK
exit

114. A freely suspended magnetic needle will point:
a) To grid north.
b) To the geographical North Pole.
c) To the magnetic North Pole.
d) Straight down to the ground.

115. The Earth's magnetic pole is located:
a) In the same place as the true North Pole.
b) In the same place as the grid North Pole.
c) In northern Siberia.
d) Slightly north of Hudson Bay in Canada.

116. Try again! OK
exit

117. The Earth's magnetic pole is located:
a) In the same place as the true North Pole.
b) In the same place as the grid North Pole.
c) In northern Siberia.
d) Slightly north of Hudson Bay in Canada.

118. Which of the following statements about the direction of magnetic north from locations in the U.K. is true?
a) It is the same as true north.
b) It is the same as grid north.
c) It is the same as both true and grid north.
d) It differs from both true and grid north.

119. Try again! OK
exit

120. Which of the following statements about the direction of magnetic north from locations in the U.K. is true?
a) It is the same as true north.
b) It is the same as grid north.
c) It is the same as both true and grid north.
d) It differs from both true and grid north.

121. The position of the magnetic north pole:
a) Is the same as the true north pole.
b) Only changes when new maps are issued.
c) Is fixed and remains in the same place constantly.
d) Is not fixed but changes its position a little every year.

122. Try again! OK
exit

123. The position of the magnetic north pole:
a) Is the same as the true north pole.
b) Only changes when new maps are issued.
c) Is fixed and remains in the same place constantly.
d) Is not fixed but changes its position a little every year.

124. Which north changes its position slightly over the years?
a) True north.
b) Grid north.
c) Geographic north.
d) Magnetic north.

125. Try again! OK
exit

126. Which north changes its position slightly over the years?
a) True north.
b) Grid north.
c) Geographic north.
d) Magnetic north.

127. Grid North is represented by an arrow with a triangular pointer.

128. True North is represented by an arrow with a diamond pointer.

129. Magnetic North is represented by an arrow with a half diamond pointer.

130. Which of these symbols represents magnetic north?
a) W
b) X
c) Y
d) Z

131. Try again! OK
exit

132. Which of these symbols represents magnetic north?
a) W
b) X
c) Y
d) Z

133. Which of these symbols represents grid north?
a) W
b) X
c) Y
d) Z

134. Try again! OK
exit

135. Which of these symbols represents grid north?
a) W
b) X
c) Y
d) Z

136. Which of these symbols represents true north?
a) W
b) X
c) Y
d) Z

137. Try again! OK
exit

138. Which of these symbols represents true north?
a) W
b) X
c) Y
d) Z

139. The angle between True North and Magnetic North is Magnetic Variation.

140. The angle between Grid North and Magnetic North is called Grid Magnetic Angle.

141. Magnetic Variation is:
a) The angular difference between true north and grid north.
b) The angular difference between true north and magnetic north.
c) The angular difference between grid north and magnetic north.
d) The angular difference between grid lines and lines of longitude.

142. Try again! OK
exit

143. Magnetic Variation is:
a) The angular difference between true north and grid north.
b) The angular difference between true north and magnetic north.
c) The angular difference between grid north and magnetic north.
d) The angular difference between grid lines and lines of longitude.

144. What is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north called?
a) Magnetic deviation.
b) Magnetic variation.
c) Magnetic differential.
d) Compass error.

145. Try again! OK
exit

146. What is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north called?
a) Magnetic deviation.
b) Magnetic variation.
c) Magnetic differential.
d) Compass error.

147. The angular difference between grid north and magnetic north is:
a) Magnetic difference angle.
b) Magnetic variation.
c) Grid variation.
d) Grid magnetic angle.

148. Try again! OK
exit

149. The angular difference between grid north and magnetic north is:
a) Magnetic difference angle.
b) Magnetic variation.
c) Grid variation.
d) Grid magnetic angle.

150. The angular difference between magnetic north and grid north on a map is known as:
a) Grid deviation angle.
b) Compass deviation angle.
c) Magnetic deviation angle.
d) Grid magnetic angle.

151. Try again! OK
exit

152. The angular difference between magnetic north and grid north on a map is known as:
a) Grid deviation angle.
b) Compass deviation angle.
c) Magnetic deviation angle.
d) Grid magnetic angle.

153. Ordnance Survey
Cheshire
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Information on Grid Magnetic Angle is shown at the top of M726 series OS maps.

154. Ordnance Survey
Cheshire
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Information on Grid Magnetic Angle is shown at the top of M726 series OS maps.

155. Ordnance Survey
Cheshire
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Information on Magnetic Variation is shown in the right had margin of M726 series OS maps.

156. Ordnance Survey
Cheshire
Sheet 117
1:50 000
The ATC manual incorrectly states that magnetic variation is displayed at the bottom of OS maps – it no longer is!

157. Where, on an M726 OS map is the information on grid magnetic angle located?
a) At the centre of the bottom margin.
b) At the centre of the top margin.
c) At the extreme left of the map.
d) On the back of the map.

158. Try again! OK
exit

159. Where, on an M726 OS map is the information on grid magnetic angle located?
a) At the centre of the bottom margin.
b) At the centre of the top margin.
c) At the extreme left of the map.
d) On the back of the map.

160. Where, on an M726 OS map is the information on magnetic variation located?
a) At the top of the map.
b) At the bottom of the map.
c) At the extreme left of the map.
d) On the back of the map.

161. Try again! OK
exit

162. Where, on an M726 OS map is the information on magnetic variation located?
a) At the top of the map.
b) At the bottom of the map.
c) At the extreme left of the map.
d) On the back of the map.

163. What information is provided at the bottom of an M726 OS map?
a) Sheet number.
b) Magnetic variation.
c) Grid magnetic angle.
d) Abbreviations.

164. Try again! OK
exit

165. What information is provided at the bottom of an M726 OS map?
a) Sheet number.
b) Magnetic variation.
c) Grid magnetic angle.
d) Abbreviations.

166. Contents List. Click on a chapter.
BASIC NAVIGATION
Chapter 1 Basic Navigation.
Chapter 2 The Compass.
Chapter 3 Practical Navigation.
Chapter 4 Weather.
exit

167. Chapter 2 The Compass

168. The ‘Silva’ compass consists of a base plate

169. N E S W

170. N E S W

171. N E S W

172. N E S W

173. N E S W

174. N E S W

175. N E S W

176. N E S W

177. N E S W

178. N E S W

179. N E S W

180. N E S W

181. N E S W

182. N E S W

183. N E S W

184. N E S W

185. N E S W

186. N E S W

187. N E S W

188. N E S W

189. N E S W

190. N E S W

191. N E S W

192. N E S W

193. N E S W

194. N E S W

195. N E S W

196. N E S W

197. N E S W

198. N E S W

199. a rotating bezel N E S W

200. marked with compass points and bearings
a rotating bezel
marked with compass points and bearings N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

201. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

202. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

203. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

204. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

205. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

206. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

207. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

208. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

209. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

210. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

211. N E S W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

212. and a freely suspended red and white magnetic needle20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

213. and a freely suspended red and white magnetic needle20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260
- red end pointing to Magnetic North

214. The needle is in a liquid filled capsule which ‘damps’ movement and helps it settle down quickly.20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

215. The compass must be held horizontally when taking readings to ensure the needle floats freely.20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

216. What is the compass we use for navigating when walking?
a) Primatic compass.
b) Standard RAF compass.
c) DIC.
d) Silva compass.

217. Try again! OK
exit

218. What is the compass we use for navigating when walking?
a) Primatic compass.
b) Standard RAF compass.
c) DIC.
d) Silva compass.

219. On a Silva walking compass, what colour is the magnetic needle?
a) White and blue.
b) Blue and red.
c) Red and black.
d) Red and white.

220. Try again! OK
exit

221. On a Silva walking compass, what colour is the magnetic needle?
a) White and blue.
b) Blue and red.
c) Red and black.
d) Red and white.

222. What is the purpose of liquid in the capsule of a compass?
a) Increases the needle's sensitivity.
b) Prevents the needle from moving.
c) Allows the needle to be seen more clearly.
d) Allows the needle to settle down quickly.

223. Try again! OK
exit

224. What is the purpose of liquid in the capsule of a compass?
a) Increases the needle's sensitivity.
b) Prevents the needle from moving.
c) Allows the needle to be seen more clearly.
d) Allows the needle to settle down quickly.

225. When using a magnetic compass, why is it particularly important to hold it horizontal when taking a reading?
a) To improve damping.
b) To eliminate compass errors.
c) To ensure that the needle floats freely.
d) To minimise the effects of local magnetic attraction (e.g. from wire fences, electric cables etc.)

226. Try again! OK
exit

227. When using a magnetic compass, why is it particularly important to hold it horizontal when taking a reading?
a) To improve damping.
b) To eliminate compass errors.
c) To ensure that the needle floats freely.
d) To minimise the effects of local magnetic attraction (e.g. from wire fences, electric cables etc.)

228. The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by.W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

229. The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by.W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

230. The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by.W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

231. The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by.W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

232. The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by.W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

233. The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by.W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

234. The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by.W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

235. The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by.W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260

236. This causes the compass needle to deviate from its true position.W 20
340
280
300
320 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
200
220
240
260
A nearby cattle grid, for instance, would cause considerable deviation.

237. Which of the following would be most likely to cause magnetic deviation if close to a compass?
a) An aluminium tent pole.
b) A tree.
c) A plastic water bottle.
d) A cattle grid.

238. Try again! OK
exit

239. Which of the following would be most likely to cause magnetic deviation if close to a compass?
a) An aluminium tent pole.
b) A tree.
c) A plastic water bottle.
d) A cattle grid.

240. Which of the following would be most likely to cause magnetic deviation if close to a compass?
a) A pencil.
b) A plastic spoon.
c) Paper.
d) Iron.

241. Try again! OK
exit

242. Which of the following would be most likely to cause magnetic deviation if close to a compass?
a) A pencil.
b) A plastic spoon.
c) Paper.
d) Iron.

243. A compass needle may be affected by iron objects close by
A compass needle may be affected by iron objects close by. This is called:
a) Magnetic orientation.
b) Magnetic variation.
c) Magnetic fluctuation.
d) Magnetic deviation.

244. Try again! OK
exit

245. A compass needle may be affected by iron objects close by
A compass needle may be affected by iron objects close by. This is called:
a) Magnetic orientation.
b) Magnetic variation.
c) Magnetic fluctuation.
d) Magnetic deviation.

246. What is compass deviation?
a) The difference between magnetic north and grid north.
b) The difference between magnetic north and true north.
c) The effects of non-magnetic and non-ferrous metals on a compass needle.
d) The effects of nearby ferrous metals or magnetic materials on a compass needle.

247. Try again! OK
exit

248. What is compass deviation?
a) The difference between magnetic north and grid north.
b) The difference between magnetic north and true north.
c) The effects of non-magnetic and non-ferrous metals on a compass needle.
d) The effects of nearby ferrous metals or magnetic materials on a compass needle.

249. Setting or Orientating a Map with a Compass

250. To set a map with a compass we must first set the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) against the direction arrow - say five degrees. N
010
350
020 N E S W

251. To set a map with a compass we must first set the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) against the direction arrow - say five degrees. N
010
350
020

252. Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Place the compass on the map so that the long edge matches the N-S grid lines.

253. Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

254. Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

255. Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

256. Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

257. Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

258. Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

259. Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

260. Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

261. The map is now correctly orientated.
Cheshire
Ordnance Survey
Sheet 117
1:50 000
The map is now correctly orientated.

262. When setting a map with a compass, what is the first action?
a) Turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.
b) Set the map down on a firm, non-magnetic surface.
c) Determine the grid magnetic angle and set this value against the direction arrow of the compass.
d) Place the compass onto the map with the long edge on a north/south grid line.

263. Try again! OK
exit

264. When setting a map with a compass, what is the first action?
a) Turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.
b) Set the map down on a firm, non-magnetic surface.
c) Determine the grid magnetic angle and set this value against the direction arrow of the compass.
d) Place the compass onto the map with the long edge on a north/south grid line.

265. The final step in setting a map with a compass is to:
a) Turn the map and compass together until the needle is pointing south.
b) Turn the map only until it is pointing north.
c) Turn the compass only until it is pointing north.
d) Turn the map and compass together until the needle is inside the orienting arrow.

266. Try again! OK
exit

267. The final step in setting a map with a compass is to:
a) Turn the map and compass together until the needle is pointing south.
b) Turn the map only until it is pointing north.
c) Turn the compass only until it is pointing north.
d) Turn the map and compass together until the needle is inside the orienting arrow.

268. Taking a Bearing between Two Features on a Map

269. If we cannot see the church to walk to it from the trig point -

272. - we can take a bearing from the map

273. Place the long edge of the compass along the intended routeW

274. Place the long edge of the compass along the intended routeW

275. Place the long edge of the compass along the intended routeW

276. Place the long edge of the compass along the intended routeW

277. Place the long edge of the compass along the intended routeW

278. Place the long edge of the compass along the intended routeW

279. N E S W

280. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

281. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

282. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

283. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

284. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

285. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

286. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

287. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

288. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

289. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

290. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

291. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

292. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

293. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

294. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

295. then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

296. In the UK Magnetic North is west of Grid North20 40 N E S W
In the UK Magnetic North is west of Grid North

297. So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA)20 40 N E S W
So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA)
5 degrees

298. So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA)20 40 N E S W
So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA)
5 degrees

299. So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA)20 40 N E S W
So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA)
5 degrees

300. We can now take the compass away from the map -

301. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

302. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

303. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

304. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

305. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

306. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

307. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

308. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

309. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

310. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

311. and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

312. The black arrow on the base plate now shows your direction of travel

313. The black arrow on the base plate now shows your direction of travel

314. Keep the compass needle inside the arrow whilst you walk on the bearing

315. Pick out a feature in the distance along your line of travel and walk towards it.

316. To take a bearing between 2 features on a map, you would first place the compass on the map so that its longest edge runs through both features and its direction of travel arrow points in your intended direction of travel. You would then:
a) Turn the capsule on the compass to deduct the grid magnetic angle.
b) Turn the map and compass together until the needle falls into the orienting arrow.
c) Turn the capsule on the compass until the needle falls into the orienting arrow.
d) Turn the capsule on the compass so that its orienting lines are parallel to the north-south grid lines.

317. Try again! OK
exit

318. To take a bearing between 2 features on a map, you would first place the compass on the map so that its longest edge runs through both features and its direction of travel arrow points in your intended direction of travel. You would then:
a) Turn the capsule on the compass to deduct the grid magnetic angle.
b) Turn the map and compass together until the needle falls into the orienting arrow.
c) Turn the capsule on the compass until the needle falls into the orienting arrow.
d) Turn the capsule on the compass so that its orienting lines are parallel to the north-south grid lines.

319. The direction of a track drawn between two places on a map is measured against the grid-lines and found to be 102 degrees (grid). If magnetic north is five degrees west of grid north, what is the magnetic bearing of the track?
a) 097 degrees (M)
b) 107 degrees (M)
c) 095 degrees (M)
d) 102 degrees (M)

320. Try again! OK
exit

321. The direction of a track drawn between two places on a map is measured against the grid-lines and found to be 102 degrees (grid). If magnetic north is five degrees west of grid north, what is the magnetic bearing of the track?
a) 097 degrees (M)
b) 107 degrees (M)
c) 095 degrees (M)
d) 102 degrees (M)

322. The grid bearing between two features on a map was measured to be 040 degrees (grid). If the grid magnetic angle is 6 degrees west of grid north, what is the magnetic bearing?
a) 040 degrees
b) 046 degrees
c) 043 degrees
d) 034 degrees

323. Try again! OK
exit

324. The grid bearing between two features on a map was measured to be 040 degrees (grid). If the grid magnetic angle is 6 degrees west of grid north, what is the magnetic bearing?
a) 040 degrees
b) 046 degrees
c) 043 degrees
d) 034 degrees

325. A grid bearing from a M726 series OS map on which the magnetic variation is westerly, can be converted to a magnetic bearing by:
a) Subtracting the angular difference between magnetic north and grid north.
b) Adding the angular difference between magnetic north and grid north.
c) Adding the angular difference between grid north and true north.
d) Subtracting the angular difference between grid north and true north.

326. Try again! OK
exit

327. A grid bearing from a M726 series OS map on which the magnetic variation is westerly, can be converted to a magnetic bearing by:
a) Subtracting the angular difference between magnetic north and grid north.
b) Adding the angular difference between magnetic north and grid north.
c) Adding the angular difference between grid north and true north.
d) Subtracting the angular difference between grid north and true north.

328. When walking on a bearing in good visibility, the best technique is to:
a) Follow your compass and ignore the countryside.
b) Send a team member out 50 metres and walk to there.
c) Select an object 5 metres in front and walk to it.
d) Select a distant feature that is along your intended route of travel.

329. Try again! OK
exit

330. When walking on a bearing in good visibility, the best technique is to:
a) Follow your compass and ignore the countryside.
b) Send a team member out 50 metres and walk to there.
c) Select an object 5 metres in front and walk to it.
d) Select a distant feature that is along your intended route of travel.

331. Taking a Bearing on a Distant Object

332. To distant feature
To take a bearing on a distant object, point the direction of travel arrow at the object. N E S W

333. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

334. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

335. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

336. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

337. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

338. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

339. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

340. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

341. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

342. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

343. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

344. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

345. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

346. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

347. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

348. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

349. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

350. To distant feature
Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

351. In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north
To distant feature
In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north N E S W

352. In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north
To distant feature
In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north
- so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees N E S W

353. In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north
- so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees E
100
080 N E S W

354. In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north
- so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees E
100
080 N E S W

355. In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north
- so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees E
080
100 N E S W

356. In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north
- so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees E
080
100 N E S W

357. Place the compass on the map – it does not have to be orientatedW

358. Place the compass on the map – it does not have to be orientatedW

359. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

360. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

361. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

362. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

363. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

364. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

365. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

366. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

367. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

368. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

369. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

370. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

371. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

372. Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

373. Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

374. Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

375. Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

376. Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

377. Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

378. Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

379. The top edge of the compass now runs through your own position and the symbol of the distant object.

380. The top edge of the compass now runs through your own position and the symbol of the distant object.

381. Plotting further ‘back bearings’ from other features will accurately locate your position.

382. Plotting further ‘back bearings’ from other features will accurately locate your position.

383. This is known as ‘resection’.
Plotting further ‘back bearings’ from other features will accurately locate your position.
This is known as ‘resection’.

384. When using a compass to take a bearing on a distant object, you would first of all:
a) Turn the capsule to subtract the grid magnetic angle.
b) Align the red compass needle to point at the object.
c) Point the direction of travel arrow at the object.
d) Turn the capsule so that the orienting arrow points at the object.

385. Try again! OK
exit

386. When using a compass to take a bearing on a distant object, you would first of all:
a) Turn the capsule to subtract the grid magnetic angle.
b) Align the red compass needle to point at the object.
c) Point the direction of travel arrow at the object.
d) Turn the capsule so that the orienting arrow points at the object.

387. You are at a point where variation is 2 degrees W and grid magnetic angle is 5 degrees W. If the compass bearing of a church is 350 degrees, what is its grid bearing?
a) 343 degrees.
b) 345 degrees.
c) 347 degrees.
d) 348 degrees.

388. Try again! OK
exit

389. You are at a point where variation is 2 degrees W and grid magnetic angle is 5 degrees W. If the compass bearing of a church is 350 degrees, what is its grid bearing?
a) 343 degrees.
b) 345 degrees.
c) 347 degrees.
d) 348 degrees.

390. You are at a point where variation is 1 degree W and grid magnetic angle is 6 degrees W. If the compass bearing of a trig point 150 degrees, what is its grid bearing?
a) 143 degrees.
b) 144 degrees.
c) 156 degrees.
d) 157 degrees.

391. Try again! OK
exit

392. You are at a point where variation is 1 degree W and grid magnetic angle is 6 degrees W. If the compass bearing of a trig point 150 degrees, what is its grid bearing?
a) 143 degrees.
b) 144 degrees.
c) 156 degrees.
d) 157 degrees.

393. How can we remember when changing magnetic bearings to grid bearings?
a) MAG to GRID - ADD.
b) MAG to GRID – get RID.
c) Always minus.
d) Always plus.

394. Try again! OK
exit

395. How can we remember when changing magnetic bearings to grid bearings?
a) MAG to GRID - ADD.
b) MAG to GRID – get RID.
c) Always minus.
d) Always plus.

396. If you wanted to fix your position on a map by reference to prominent landmarks within your field of vision, what would give the best result?
a) One bearing giving a position line.
b) Two bearings crossing.
c) Three bearings crossing to give a small position triangle.
d) Three bearings crossing to give a large position triangle.

397. Try again! OK
exit

398. If you wanted to fix your position on a map by reference to prominent landmarks within your field of vision, what would give the best result?
a) One bearing giving a position line.
b) Two bearings crossing.
c) Three bearings crossing to give a small position triangle.
d) Three bearings crossing to give a large position triangle.

399. What is resection? a) Back track. b) Use reciprocal bearings.
c)Take three bearings to separate features and the middle of the triangle is your position.
d) Draw a cross section of the surrounding contours.

400. Try again! OK
exit

401. What is resection? a) Back track. b) Use reciprocal bearings.
c) Take three bearings to separate features and the middle of the triangle is your position.
d) Draw a cross section of the surrounding contours.

402. Grid References

403. The country is covered in 100 km squares.

404. Each of the 100km squares are divided into 1km squares.

405. The vertical lines are ‘eastings’ and are numbered.

406. The horizontal lines are ‘northings’ and are also numbered.72 71 70 69 68 67

407. A four figure grid reference defines the bottom left hand corner of a 1km square.72 71 70 69 68
GR 4369 67

408. ’43’ the easting 72 71 70 69 68
GR 4369 67

409. ’43’ the easting ’69’ the northing GR 4369 72 71 70 69 68 67

410. This is the 1km square described by the four figure reference.72 71 70 69 68
GR 4369 67

411. The easting ’43’ is always given first, followed by the northing ’69’72 71 70 69 68
GR 4369 67

412. Exactly as in mathematics where the ‘x’ axis figure is given before the ‘y’ axis component.72 71 70 69 68
GR 4369 67

413. 70
Dividing the 1km square into 100m squares enables us to give accurate 6-figure grid references. 69 43 44

414. 70
A six-figure reference describes the bottom left hand corner of a 100m square. 69 43 44 GR

415. ’43’ is the easting of this 1km square.70
’43’ is the easting of this 1km square. 69 43 44 GR

416. ’43’ is the easting of this 1km square.70
’43’ is the easting of this 1km square. 69 43 44 GR

417. 70 69 43 44 ’43’ is the easting of this 1km square.
The ‘7’ moves us a further 7 100m squares east. 69 43 44 GR

418. 70 69 43 44 ’43’ is the easting of this 1km square.
The ‘7’ moves us a further 7 100m squares east. 69 43 44 GR

419. ’69’ is the northing of this 1km square.70
’69’ is the northing of this 1km square. 69 43 44 GR

420. ’69’ is the northing of this 1km square.70
’69’ is the northing of this 1km square. 69 43 44 GR

421. 70 69 43 44 ’69’ is the northing of this 1km square.
The ‘2’ moves us a further 2 100m squares north. 69 43 44 GR

422. 70 69 43 44 ’69’ is the northing of this 1km square.
The ‘2’ moves us a further 2 100m squares north. 2 1 69 43 44 GR

423. This is the point described by the six-figure reference,70
This is the point described by the six-figure reference, 69 43 44 GR

424. 70 69 43 44 This is the point described by the six-figure reference,
and this is the 100m square it refers to. 69 43 44 GR

425. 70
Note that a six-figure reference describes the southwest corner of a 100m square. 69 43 44

426. Most compass bases will have one corner marked with a grid of numbers.2 4 6 8
This is a ROAMER

427. Roamers can be used to find six figure grid references very accurately.2 4 6 8

428. 08
Place the corner of the roamer on the feature and read from where the scales intersect the grid lines, 2 4 6 8
eastings first. 07 37 38

429. The first three figures in the grid reference of the church are 37308
The first three figures in the grid reference of the church are 373 2 4 6 8 3
37 from the grid square
the final 3 from the roamer. 07 37 38

430. The last three figures in the grid reference of the church are 07808
The last three figures in the grid reference of the church are 078 2 4 6 8
07 from the grid square
the final 8 from the roamer. 07 8 37 38

431. the final 7 from the roamer.08
Here the first three figures in the grid reference of the Hostel are 377 2 4 6 8 7
37 from the grid square
the final 7 from the roamer. 07 37 38

432. The last three figures in the grid reference of the Hostel are 07508
The last three figures in the grid reference of the Hostel are 075 2 4 6 8
07 from the grid square
the final 5 from the roamer. 07 5 37 38

433. When using an M726 1:50,000 map, a four figure grid reference will define a 1 kilometre square on the map. The four figure reference refers to a particular corner of the square: which corner?
a) NW
b) SW
c) SE
d) NE

434. Try again! OK
exit

435. When using an M726 1:50,000 map, a four figure grid reference will define a 1 kilometre square on the map. The four figure reference refers to a particular corner of the square: which corner?
a) NW
b) SW
c) SE
d) NE

436. A roamer would be used in finding:
a) A relative bearing.
b) The average gradient.
c) A grid reference point.
d) The direction of a track.

437. Try again! OK
exit

438. A roamer would be used in finding:
a) A relative bearing.
b) The average gradient.
c) A grid reference point.
d) The direction of a track.

439. What is a roamer? a) Reads off the grid reference.
b) Acts as a magnifier.
c) Ensures better accuracy. It finds a position to the third grid reference point on a Silva compass.
d) Helps you to navigate.

440. Try again! OK
exit

441. What is a roamer? a) Reads off the grid reference.
b) Acts as a magnifier.
c) Ensures better accuracy. It finds a position to the third grid reference point on a Silva compass.
d) Helps you to navigate.

442. In the diagram below the six figure GR shown would be:c) d)

443. Try again! OK
exit

444. In the diagram below the six figure GR shown would be:c) d)

445. In the diagram below, the six figure GR shown would be:c) d)

446. Try again! OK
exit

447. In the diagram below, the six figure GR shown would be:c) d)

448. Contents List. Click on a chapter.
BASIC NAVIGATION
Chapter 1 Basic Navigation.
Chapter 2 The Compass.
Chapter 3 Practical Navigation.
Chapter 4 Weather.
exit

449. Chapter 3 Practical Navigation

450. It is important to measure distances accurately when hillwalking.
Measuring Distances
It is important to measure distances accurately when hillwalking.
By measuring distances accurately you can calculate and gauge your speed of travel.

451. Measuring distances accurately whilst hillwalking is important because it:
a) Chooses the shortest route.
b) Calculates your speed of travel.
c) Keeps you on schedule.
d) Pinpoints your position accurately.

452. Try again! OK
exit

453. Measuring distances accurately whilst hillwalking is important because it:
a) Chooses the shortest route.
b) Calculates your speed of travel.
c) Keeps you on schedule.
d) Pinpoints your position accurately.

454. Timing
If you know how fast you walk, you can work out how long it will take you to cover a known distance.
1 km
15 mins
For instance, if a cadet is able to walk 1km over reasonably flat ground in 15 minutes, it would take one hour to cover 4km in similar terrain.

455. Timing
If you know how fast you walk, you can work out how long it will take you to cover a known distance.
1 km
1 km
1 km
1 km
15 mins
15 mins
15 mins
15 mins
For instance, if a cadet is able to walk 1km over reasonably flat ground in 15 minutes, it would take one hour to cover 4km in similar terrain.

456. Timing
If you know how fast you walk, you can work out how long it will take you to cover a known distance.
4 km
60 minutes
For instance, if a cadet is able to walk 1km over reasonably flat ground in 15 minutes, it would take one hour to cover 4km in similar terrain.

457. A cadet is able to walk 1 km over reasonably flat ground in 20 minutes
A cadet is able to walk 1 km over reasonably flat ground in 20 minutes. How long would it take him to cover 4.5 km in similar terrain?
a) 40 minutes.
b) 60 minutes.
c) 90 minutes.
d) 120 minutes.

458. Try again! OK
exit

459. A cadet is able to walk 1 km over reasonably flat ground in 20 minutes
A cadet is able to walk 1 km over reasonably flat ground in 20 minutes. How long would it take him to cover 4.5 km in similar terrain?
a) 40 minutes.
b) 60 minutes.
c) 90 minutes.
d) 120 minutes.

460. Whilst walking over reasonably flat ground, a cadet takes 1 hour to cover 3 km. How long will it take him to walk 500 m at the same speed?
a) 10 mins.
b) 15 mins.
c) 20 mins.
d) 60 mins.

461. Try again! OK
exit

462. Whilst walking over reasonably flat ground, a cadet takes 1 hour to cover 3 km. How long will it take him to walk 500 m at the same speed?
a) 10 mins.
b) 15 mins.
c) 20 mins.
d) 60 mins.

463. Naismith’s Rule
In 1892 a Scottish climber called Naismith devised a rule to calculate walking speeds.
His basic rule assumed a walking speed of 4km per hour over normal (flat) terrain.
4 km
60 minutes

464. Naismith’s Rule
Climbing took more time, so he added 30 minutes for every 200m of climbing.
600m
+10 mins
+30 mins
400m
Steep descents also need extra care and time, so he added 10 minutes for every 200m of steep descent.

465. Naismith's Rule applies to the calculation of:
a) Gradients.
b) Shapes depicted by contour lines.
c) Headings and bearings.
d) The speed of advance on foot in mountainous country.

466. Try again! OK
exit

467. Naismith's Rule applies to the calculation of:
a) Gradients.
b) Shapes depicted by contour lines.
c) Headings and bearings.
d) The speed of advance on foot in mountainous country.

468. What is Naismith's Rule? a) 3 kph overall.
b) 5 kph plus an hour for any climbing.
c) 5 kph overall.
d) 4 kph as measured on the map plus half an hour for every 200m climbed.

469. Try again! OK
exit

470. What is Naismith's Rule? a) 3 kph overall.
b) 5 kph plus an hour for any climbing.
c) 5 kph overall.
d) 4 kph as measured on the map plus half an hour for every 200m climbed.

471. How can you estimate distance covered from your last checkpoint?
a) Use your mobile phone.
b) Use a pedometer.
c) Consult your GPS.
d) Measure the time take and calculate at 4Km per hour.

472. Try again! OK
exit

473. How can you estimate distance covered from your last checkpoint?
a) Use your mobile phone.
b) Use a pedometer.
c) Consult your GPS.
d) Measure the time take and calculate at 4Km per hour.

474. How much time should be added to a journey on foot for every 200 meters climbed using Naismith's Rules?
a) 15 minutes.
b) 20 minutes.
c) 25 minutes.
d) 30 minutes.

475. Try again! OK
exit

476. How much time should be added to a journey on foot for every 200 meters climbed using Naismith's Rules?
a) 15 minutes.
b) 20 minutes.
c) 25 minutes.
d) 30 minutes.

477. How much time should be added to a journey on foot for every 200 meters of steep descent, using Naismith's Rules?
a) 5 minutes.
b) 10 minutes.
c) 15 minutes.
d) 20 minutes.

478. Try again! OK
exit

479. How much time should be added to a journey on foot for every 200 meters of steep descent, using Naismith's Rules?
a) 5 minutes.
b) 10 minutes.
c) 15 minutes.
d) 20 minutes.

480. but only over short distances!
Pacing
Distance can be measured by counting paces, or every other pace, and with practise can be very accurate -
but only over short distances!

481. Pacing can be an accurate way of measuring distances if carried out over:
a) Long distances.
b) Medium distances.
c) Short distances.
d) 5000 paces.

482. Try again! OK
exit

483. Pacing can be an accurate way of measuring distances if carried out over:
a) Long distances.
b) Medium distances.
c) Short distances.
d) 5000 paces.

484. Errors
No method of estimating distance is entirely accurate, and when you add errors in measuring direction as well, your ‘area of uncertainty’ can grow very quickly.

485. Errors
If you assume a possible error of plus or minus 10% measuring distance and plus or minus 4% measuring direction:

486. Errors
After 1 km the area of uncertainty is about the size of 4 football pitches.
1 km

487. The area of uncertainty continues to increase with distance travelled
Errors
The area of uncertainty continues to increase with distance travelled
2 km

488. and after only 3 km is the size of 36 football pitches!
Errors
and after only 3 km is the size of 36 football pitches! ?
3 km

489. Errors
To keep the area of uncertainty to a minimum it is important to measure bearings and distances as accurately as possible.
3 km

490. Measuring distances accurately whilst out walking helps you particularly to:
a) Choose the shortest route.
b) Reduce the area of uncertainty in your position.
c) Calculate magnetic variation.
d) Calculate the gradient.

491. Try again! OK
exit

492. Measuring distances accurately whilst out walking helps you particularly to:
a) Choose the shortest route.
b) Reduce the area of uncertainty in your position.
c) Calculate magnetic variation.
d) Calculate the gradient.

493. When navigating, in order to reduce the area of uncertainty to a minimum, you should:
a) Always follow paths.
b) Never follow contours.
c) Measure distances and bearings as accurately as possible.
d) Walk as quickly as possible to your destination.

494. Try again! OK
exit

495. When navigating, in order to reduce the area of uncertainty to a minimum, you should:
a) Always follow paths.
b) Never follow contours.
c) Measure distances and bearings as accurately as possible.
d) Walk as quickly as possible to your destination.

496. Aids to Navigation
Good navigators rely on a number of useful techniques to improve their navigation.

497. Aids to Navigation Handrailing
If a track or path leads directly to where you want to go, it would make sense to follow it.
You could also use a wall, stream, ridge, electricity pylons, or any other linear feature that leads the right way.

498. Aids to Navigation Handrailing
You would be using the linear feature as a ‘handrail’. v

499. Aids to Navigation Aiming Off
Imagine you wish to cross a river at the bridge, if you aim directly for the footbridge you may miss it.

500. Aids to Navigation Aiming Off
On reaching the stream you would not know which way to turn to find the bridge.. ? ?

501. Aids to Navigation Aiming Off
Instead, if you deliberately ‘aim off’ you would know which way to turn when you do reach the stream.

502. Aids to Navigation Contouring
Is it better to go round a hill or up and over the top?
Going round the hill, neither gaining or losing height is called ‘contouring’.
Contouring – following the lines of the contours – takes less effort, but may take longer.

503. Aids to Navigation Attack Points
An attack point is an easily identifiable feature close to your target.
It sometimes pays to go slightly out of your way to increase your chances of successfully reaching your final objective.

504. A cadet decides to follow a stream down from the hillside because she knows that the stream runs close to her campsite. The cadet is using a navigational technique known as:
a) Aiming off.
b) Resection.
c) Handrailing.
d) Contouring.

505. Try again! OK
exit

506. A cadet decides to follow a stream down from the hillside because she knows that the stream runs close to her campsite. The cadet is using a navigational technique known as:
a) Aiming off.
b) Resection.
c) Handrailing.
d) Contouring.

507. Handrailing is the term for:
a) Aiming for a prominent feature close to your destination.
b) Following linear features to get to your destination.
c) Walking on a compass bearing.
d) Avoiding climbing by maintaining height.

508. Try again! OK
exit

509. Handrailing is the term for:
a) Aiming for a prominent feature close to your destination.
b) Following linear features to get to your destination.
c) Walking on a compass bearing.
d) Avoiding climbing by maintaining height.

510. Following linear features to guide you to your destination is known as:
a) Aiming off.
b) Using attack points.
c) Handrailing.
d) Contouring.

511. Try again! OK
exit

512. Following linear features to guide you to your destination is known as:
a) Aiming off.
b) Using attack points.
c) Handrailing.
d) Contouring.

513. Walking around a hill without gaining or losing height is called:
a) Handrailing.
b) Pacing.
c) Contouring.
d) Aiming off.

514. Try again! OK
exit

515. Walking around a hill without gaining or losing height is called:
a) Handrailing.
b) Pacing.
c) Contouring.
d) Aiming off.

516. Contouring means: a) Losing as much height as possible.
b) Gaining as much height as possible.
c) Walking around a hill.
d) Walking over a hill.

517. Try again! OK
exit

518. Contouring means: a) Losing as much height as possible.
b) Gaining as much height as possible.
c) Walking around a hill.
d) Walking over a hill.

519. An attack point would be:
a) Any trig point.
b) Any prominent feature close to your objective.
c) Any prominent feature that can be easily identified.
d) The summit of any hill.

520. Try again! OK
exit

521. An attack point would be:
a) Any trig point.
b) Any prominent feature close to your objective.
c) Any prominent feature that can be easily identified.
d) The summit of any hill.

522. Contents List. Click on a chapter.
BASIC NAVIGATION
Chapter 1 Basic Navigation.
Chapter 2 The Compass.
Chapter 3 Practical Navigation.
Chapter 4 Weather.
exit

523. Chapter 4 Weather

524. There are six main air masses that affect the weather in the British Isles, each having its own distinct characteristics.

525. These characteristics also change by season.
There are six main air masses that affect the weather in the British Isles, each having its own distinct characteristics.
Polar Maritime
Arctic Maritime
Polar Continental
Returning Polar Maritime
Tropical Maritime
Tropical Continental
These characteristics also change by season.

526. Tropical Continental air originates in North Africa.
In Summer it is very hot and hazy with occasional thunderstorms.
Tropical Continental

527. It brings warm and wet air all year round.
Tropical Maritime air originates over the warm Atlantic Ocean near the equator.
Tropical Maritime
Tropical Continental
It brings warm and wet air all year round.

528. In the figure below, which mass is called Tropical Continental?
a) Z
b) X
c) U
d) W U V W X Y Z

529. Try again! OK
exit

530. In the figure below, which mass is called Tropical Continental?
a)Z
b) X
c) U
d) W U V W X Y Z

531. In the figure below, which mass is called Tropical Maritime?
a) Z
b) X
c) U
d) W U V W X Y Z

532. Try again! OK
exit

533. In the figure below, which mass is called Tropical Maritime?
a) Z
b) X
c) U
d) W U V W X Y Z

534. Which air mass originates around the equator and brings warm, cloudy weather to the U.K. in both summer and winter?
a) Arctic Maritime.
b) Polar Maritime.
c) Tropical Continental.
d) Tropical Maritime.

535. Try again! OK
exit

536. Which air mass originates around the equator and brings warm, cloudy weather to the U.K. in both summer and winter?
a) Arctic Maritime.
b) Polar Maritime.
c) Tropical Continental.
d) Tropical Maritime.

537. Which air mass originates in North Africa and brings hot, dry weather with occasional thunderstorms to the U.K. in summer?
a) Arctic Maritime.
b) Polar Continental.
c) Tropical Continental.
d) Tropical Maritime.

538. Try again! OK
exit

539. Which air mass originates in North Africa and brings hot, dry weather with occasional thunderstorms to the U.K. in summer?
a) Arctic Maritime.
b) Polar Continental.
c) Tropical Continental.
d) Tropical Maritime.

540. Polar Maritime originates in North Canada and Greenland.
It brings cool winds and heavy showers to the U.K. in both summer and winter.
Tropical Maritime
Tropical Continental

541. It is much warmer and wetter than Polar Maritime air.
Returning Polar Maritime originates in Canada as cold dry air, but moves south over the Atlantic and picks up water vapour.
Polar Maritime
Returning Polar Maritime
Tropical Maritime
Tropical Continental
It is much warmer and wetter than Polar Maritime air.

542. In the figure below, which mass is called Polar Maritime?
a) Z
b) X
c) U
d) W U V W X Y Z

543. Try again! OK
exit

544. In the figure below, which mass is called Polar Maritime?
a) Z
b) X
c) U
d) W U V W X Y Z

545. Which air mass starts off very cold with dry air but arrives in the U
Which air mass starts off very cold with dry air but arrives in the U.K. warm and wet?
a) Arctic Maritime.
b) Polar Maritime.
c) Returning Polar Maritime.
d) Tropical Continental.

546. Try again! OK
exit

547. Which air mass starts off very cold with dry air but arrives in the U
Which air mass starts off very cold with dry air but arrives in the U.K. warm and wet?
a) Arctic Maritime.
b) Polar Maritime.
c) Returning Polar Maritime.
d) Tropical Continental.

548. Which air mass originates in the north of Canada and Greenland, brings cool winds and heavy showers to the UK both summer and winter?
a) Polar Continental.
b) Polar Maritime.
c) Tropical Continental.
d) Arctic Maritime.

549. Try again! OK
exit

550. Which air mass originates in the north of Canada and Greenland, brings cool winds and heavy showers to the UK both summer and winter?
a) Polar Continental.
b) Polar Maritime.
c) Tropical Continental.
d) Arctic Maritime.

551. Returning Polar Maritime
Arctic Maritime air originates in cold Arctic seas and picks up little moisture as it travels south.
Polar Maritime
Arctic Maritime
Returning Polar Maritime
Tropical Maritime
Tropical Continental
Always very cold, with heavy showers in summer and heavy snow in winter.

552. Polar Continental air originates in Siberia.
Polar Maritime
Arctic Maritime
Polar Continental
Returning Polar Maritime
It is cold in winter but warm in summer.
Tropical Maritime
Tropical Continental
The short sea track to the south of England means it stays quite dry with little cloud.

553. Polar Continental air originates in Siberia.
Polar Maritime
Arctic Maritime
Polar Continental
Returning Polar Maritime
It is cold in winter but warm in summer.
Tropical Maritime
Tropical Continental
The longer North Sea track means much wetter weather for Scotland and Northern England.

554. In the figure below, which mass is called Arctic Maritime?
a) Z
b) X
c) U
d) W U V W X Y Z

555. Try again! OK
exit

556. In the figure below, which mass is called Arctic Maritime?
a) Z
b) X
c) U
d) W U V W X Y Z

557. In the figure below, which mass is called Polar Continental?
a) Z
b) V
c) Y
d) U U V W X Y Z

558. Try again! OK
exit

559. In the figure below, which mass is called Polar Continental?
a) Z
b) V
c) Y
d) U U V W X Y Z

560. Which air mass originates in Siberia and brings to the U. K
Which air mass originates in Siberia and brings to the U.K. warm weather in summer and cold weather in winter?
a) Arctic Maritime.
b) Polar Continental.
c) Tropical Continental.
d) Tropical Maritime.

561. Try again! OK
exit

562. Which air mass originates in Siberia and brings to the U. K
Which air mass originates in Siberia and brings to the U.K. warm weather in summer and cold weather in winter?
a) Arctic Maritime.
b) Polar Continental.
c) Tropical Continental.
d) Tropical Maritime.

563. Which of these types of air mass brings cold dry weather with little or no cloud to the British Isles in winter?
a) Polar continental via the short sea track.
b) Polar maritime.
c) Polar continental via the long sea track.
d) Returning polar maritime.

564. Try again! OK
exit

565. Which of these types of air mass brings cold dry weather with little or no cloud to the British Isles in winter?
a) Polar continental via the short sea track.
b) Polar maritime.
c) Polar continental via the long sea track.
d) Returning polar maritime.

566. Fronts and Depressions
Fronts and depressions are the cause of most of the poor weather we experience.
To try and understand what is happening in the atmosphere meteorologists draw charts joining points of equal pressure – isobars.

567. Fronts and Depressions
Isobars appear similar to contours on relief maps – and have many similarities.
The distance between contours indicates the steepness of hills.
shallow slope
steep slope

568. Fronts and Depressions
The distance between isobars indicates the pressure gradient which in turn determines the strength of the winds.
shallow pressure gradient = light winds
steep pressure gradient = strong winds

569. L Fronts and Depressions
Depressions are areas of low atmospheric pressure.
They are the cause of much of the poor weather in the U.K. L

570. Fronts and Depressions

571. Fronts and Depressions
At our latitudes a typical depression moves slowly from west to east.

572. Fronts and Depressions
They usually have cold polar air to the north -
cold air
and a segment of warm tropical maritime air in the south.
warm air

573. Fronts and Depressions
Fronts occur where a warm air mass meets a cold air mass.
cold air
Semicircles denote a warm front.
warm air

574. Fronts and Depressions
Fronts occur where a warm air mass meets a cold air mass.
cold air
Triangles denote a cold front.
warm air

575. Fronts and Depressions
Cold fronts move slightly faster than warm fronts.
cold air
When both fronts meet, the warm segment air is lifted off the ground by the colder air.
warm air

576. Fronts and Depressions
Cold fronts move slightly faster than warm fronts.
cold air
When both fronts meet the warm segment air is lifted off the ground by the colder air.

577. Fronts and Depressions
The result is an occluded front -
cold air
symbolised by alternate semicircles and triangles.

578. Lines on a weather chart joining all points of equal pressure are called:
a) Cold Fronts.
b) Occluded Fronts.
c) Warm Fronts.
d) Isobars.

579. Try again! OK
exit

580. Lines on a weather chart joining all points of equal pressure are called:
a) Cold Fronts.
b) Occluded Fronts.
c) Warm Fronts.
d) Isobars.

581. Isobars are drawn on a weather map joining points of equal:
a) Temperature.
b) Humidity.
c) Windspeed.
d) Pressure.

582. Try again! OK
exit

583. Isobars are drawn on a weather map joining points of equal:
a) Temperature.
b) Humidity.
c) Windspeed.
d) Pressure.

584. An area of low pressure is also known as:
a) An Anticyclone.
b) An Occluded Front.
c) A Warm Front.
d) A Depression.

585. Try again! OK
exit

586. An area of low pressure is also known as:
a) An Anticyclone.
b) An Occluded Front.
c) A Warm Front.
d) A Depression.

587. Fronts occur where: a) The atmospheric pressure is very high.
b) Two warm air masses meet.
c) A cold air mass meets a warm air mass.
d) Two cold air masses meet.

588. Try again! OK
exit

589. Fronts occur where: a) The atmospheric pressure is very high.
b) Two warm air masses meet.
c) A cold air mass meets a warm air mass.
d) Two cold air masses meet.

590. This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front.
c) An occluded front.
d) A cold front.

591. Try again! OK
exit

592. This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front.
c) An occluded front.
d) A cold front.

593. This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front.
c) An occluded front.
d) A cold front.

594. Try again! OK
exit

595. This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front.
c) An occluded front.
d) A cold front.

596. When a cold air mass catches up with another cold air mass, thereby undercutting a comparatively warm air mass and pushing it upwards off the Earth's surface, the weather system is called:
a) A cold stream.
b) An occluded front.
c) A ridge of high pressure.
d) A non-frontal depression.

597. Try again! OK
exit

598. When a cold air mass catches up with another cold air mass, thereby undercutting a comparatively warm air mass and pushing it upwards off the Earth's surface, the weather system is called:
a) A cold stream.
b) An occluded front.
c) A ridge of high pressure.
d) A non-frontal depression.

599. This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front.
c) An occluded front.
d) A cold front.

600. Try again! OK
exit

601. This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front.
c) An occluded front.
d) A cold front.

602. An occluded front is represented by:
a) A line carrying alternate semicircles and squares.
b) A line carrying alternate semicircles and triangles.
c) A line carrying semicircles.
d) A line carrying squares.

603. Try again! OK
exit

604. An occluded front is represented by:
a) A line carrying alternate semicircles and squares.
b) A line carrying alternate semicircles and triangles.
c) A line carrying semicircles.
d) A line carrying squares.

605. Upper Winds
High level (normally westerly) winds are responsible for the movement of weather systems, particularly depressions.
In this diagram the dotted lines represent the upper winds pushing the depression east.

606. Upper Winds
If you were stood at point ‘Y’ with your back to the lower wind and the upper wind moving from left to right:
then the depression has not yet reached you and the weather is likely to deteriorate.

607. Depressions move under the influence of:
a) Lower winds.
b) Warm fronts.
c) Cold fronts.
d) Upper winds.

608. Try again! OK
exit

609. Depressions move under the influence of:
a) Lower winds.
b) Warm fronts.
c) Cold fronts.
d) Upper winds.

610. Upper winds are generally responsible for:
a) The strength of the surface wind.
b) Poor weather.
c) Fine weather.
d) Movement of a depression.

611. Try again! OK
exit

612. Upper winds are generally responsible for:
a) The strength of the surface wind.
b) Poor weather.
c) Fine weather.
d) Movement of a depression.

613. In the diagram below, the dotted lines represent the upper wind and the solid lines the lower wind. If you stood at Y with your back to the lower wind and the upper wind is moving from left to right:
a) You'll feel a warm wind in your face.
b) The weather is likely to improve.
c) The weather is likely to deteriorate.
d) There will be no change in the weather for a while.

614. Try again! OK
exit

615. In the diagram below, the dotted lines represent the upper wind and the solid lines the lower wind. If you stood at Y with your back to the lower wind and the upper wind is moving from left to right:
a) You'll feel a warm wind in your face.
b) The weather is likely to improve.
c) The weather is likely to deteriorate.
d) There will be no change in the weather for a while.

616. Regions of high pressure with widely spaced isobars and light winds.
Anticyclones
Regions of high pressure with widely spaced isobars and light winds. H
They are stable, slow moving systems bringing long periods of warm, fine weather.

617. An anticyclone is: a) An area of low pressure.
b) An area of high pressure.
c) A depression.
d) An area between two areas of high pressure.

618. Try again! OK
exit

619. An anticyclone is: a) An area of low pressure.
b) An area of high pressure.
c) A depression.
d) An area between two areas of high pressure.

620. Generally an area of high pressure will tend to bring:
a) Fast moving wet weather systems.
b) Fast moving fine weather systems.
c) Long periods of fine weather.
d) Long periods of poor weather.

621. Try again! OK
exit

622. Generally an area of high pressure will tend to bring:
a) Fast moving wet weather systems.
b) Fast moving fine weather systems.
c) Long periods of fine weather.
d) Long periods of poor weather.

623. Clouds are named according to shape and height.
Cirrus clouds are found only at high levels and are composed of ice crystals. Cirrus means ‘thread’ or ‘hair’.
Cirrus

624. Clouds Clouds are named according to shape and height.
Cumulus clouds are formed by rising air and appear lumpy or heaped.
Cumulus

625. Clouds Clouds are named according to shape and height.
Stratus describes a featureless layer cloud.
Stratus

626. Stratus is what type of cloud?
a) Lumpy or heaped.
b) Hair-like.
c) Featureless layer.
d) Thread-like.

627. Try again! OK
exit

628. Stratus is what type of cloud?
a) Lumpy or heaped.
b) Hair-like.
c) Featureless layer.
d) Thread-like.

629. Cumulus is what type of cloud?
a) Lumpy or heaped.
b) Hair-like.
c) Featureless layer.
d) Thread-like.

630. Try again! OK
exit

631. Cumulus is what type of cloud?
a) Lumpy or heaped.
b) Hair-like.
c) Featureless layer.
d) Thread-like.

632. Cirrus is what type of cloud?
a) Lumpy.
b) Hair-like.
c) Featureless layer.
d) Heaped.

633. Try again! OK
exit

634. Cirrus is what type of cloud?
a) Lumpy.
b) Hair-like.
c) Featureless layer.
d) Heaped.

635. Clouds may be given prefixes which identify the height of the cloud.
Clouds prefixed with Cirro are high level clouds, above ft (5500 m). Cirrus, cirrostratus and cirrocumulus are examples.
Cirrus

636. Clouds may be given prefixes which identify the height of the cloud.
Clouds prefixed with Alto are medium level clouds, between 6500 ft (2000 m) and ft. Altostratus and altocumulus are examples.
Altostratus

637. Clouds
Clouds without prefixes are low level clouds found below 6500 ft (2000 m).
Examples are stratus, cumulus and cumulonimbus - the nimbus suffix meaning a raincloud.
Cumulonimbus

638. Cloud names may have a prefix which indicates the height of the cloud base. Which of these indicates a cloud with a base at medium level?
a) Nimbo.
b) Cirro.
c) Alto.
d) Strato.

639. Try again! OK
exit

640. Cloud names may have a prefix which indicates the height of the cloud base. Which of these indicates a cloud with a base at medium level?
a) Nimbo.
b) Cirro.
c) Alto.
d) Strato.

641. When alto is used as a prefix in a name of a cloud, that cloud may be found at:
a) Any level.
b) Low level.
c) Medium level.
d) High level.

642. Try again! OK
exit

643. When alto is used as a prefix in a name of a cloud, that cloud may be found at:
a) Any level.
b) Low level.
c) Medium level.
d) High level.

644. Which of these would only be found at high level?
a) Stratocumulus.
b) Altocumulus.
c) Altostratus.
d) Cirrostratus.

645. Try again! OK
exit

646. Which of these would only be found at high level?
a) Stratocumulus.
b) Altocumulus.
c) Altostratus.
d) Cirrostratus.

647. Contents List. Click on a chapter.
BASIC NAVIGATION
Chapter 1 Basic Navigation.
Chapter 2 The Compass.
Chapter 3 Practical Navigation.
Chapter 4 Weather.
exit

648. Basic Navigation Revision
PMT
This has been a
production
Panther
Modular
Training