1. Organic Chemistry with Cleaning Agents Grace Freeman

2. Soil To begin, all cleaning agents start with soil. Soil is nothing more than matter in the wrong place. For instance, grease belongs in a frying pan, but not on the stove top or counter. Dirt belongs outside, not on carpet or clothes. Cleaning agents exist to get rid of such “soil”. (1) There are many kinds of soil:

3. Organic soils: Organic soil is matter that once "lived",and, as a result, does contain carbon. Examples of Organic soils are: Body oils and animal fat. Carbohydrates and proteins. c. Mold and yeast. Bacteria and animal waste. (1)

4. Inorganic soil: Inorganic soil is matter that was never "alive", therefore does not contain carbon. Examples of Inorganic soils are: Scale and lime deposits (such as water spots) Rust and corrosion as a result of oxidation. Minerals and rock formation. (1)

5. Petroleum soils: Petroleum soil is product made from petroleum. Soils like these contain no water, they actually repel water, and as a result do not have a pH. Petroleum soils most often require another petroleum based solvent to remove them. (1)

6. Combination soils: Combination soil is a soil that contains either two inorganic soils and/or an inorganic soils plus a petroleum soil. Combination soils are hard to remove because they are hard to recognize. Once recognized, they usually require a combination type cleaner such as alkalines and solvents or acids and solvents. (1)

7. The Chemistry of Cleaning Cleaning agents typically contain a combination of ingredients to help them do their job, which is to remove dirt and unwanted soils. The following ingredients all have a specific job to do in a cleaner’s formula: solvents, surfactants (detergents or soap), penetrating and wetting agents, chelators, saponifiers, and builders. (1)

8. Solvents: All cleaning agents require some sort of liquid solvent. The solvent not only "dissolves" the dirt or soil, but also provides a medium in which the soil can be suspended and carried away from the surface being cleaned. What liquid would be better suited for this job than water, otherwise know as the universal solvent. (1) “Think about what would happen if you were to add a cup of detergent to your washer and wash a load of clothes with no other water added. Your clothes certainly would not come out clean. Water is necessary for the laundry detergents to work properly.” (2)

9. Surfactants (detergents or soaps) “The word surfactant is short for "surface active agent". Surfactants work at the boundary layer between the soil and the solvent.” (1)

10. Penetrating and wetting agents: Penetrating and wetting agents simply allow water to surround soil particles that would otherwise repel the water, like oils. (1)

11. Chelating agents: Dissolved minerals in water are the cause of hardness. Rain and distilled water are pure and soft, but as the water becomes loaded with dissolved minerals, it becomes hard. Hardness in water will hinder the cleaning ability of an agent. This is because the detergents and other active ingredients in the cleaners see the hardness of the minerals as soil. “Chelating agents "tie up" the hardness in water.” (1)

12. Saponifiers: “Saponifiers are strong alkaline chemicals that convert animal fats and oils into natural soaps. Once the fats and oils are converted to soap, they are soluble in water and can be easily washed away.” (1) This is how organic soaps, such as soap from goat’s milk, is made.

13. Builders: Builders simply give the cleaning solution the strength that enables it to withstand heavy soil loads.

14. A Common Household Cleaner: Ammonia http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_rep orts/chemistrynow/chem_cleaners.jsp http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_rep orts/chemistrynow/chem_cleaners.jsp

15. Based on the Video, Ammonia is Especially Good for Removing What Type of Soil? A.Organic and Inorganic soils B.Just Organic soil C.Just Inorganic soil D.Petroleum and Combination soil

16. A Common Form Of Organic Soil Is: A.Bacteria B.Rust or Corrosion C.Lime Deposits D.None of the Above

17. A Common form of Inorganic Soil Is: A.Body oils B.Animal fats C.Rust or Corrosion D.Mold

18. What Is Known As The Universal Solvent? A.Ammonia B.Water C.Saponifiers D.Soil

19. What do Chelating agents do? A.They convert animal fats and oils into soap B.They allow water to surround the soil particles C.They help the cleaning solution withstand heavy soil loads D.They “tie up” or remove the hardness of water

20. Works Cited 1.http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C01 /C01Links/www.riponcomputer.com/ri poncomputer/dawnchemical/chemis tryofcleaning.htmhttp://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C01 /C01Links/www.riponcomputer.com/ri poncomputer/dawnchemical/chemis tryofcleaning.htm 2.http://www.essind.com/general- cleaners/the-chemistry-of-cleaning/http://www.essind.com/general- cleaners/the-chemistry-of-cleaning/