1. Erik Erikson 1902 - 1994

2. Biography Born in Frankfurt, Germany, June 15, 1902 Father believed to be Danish Mother was Lutheran –Remarried when he was approx 3 to his pediatrician –Eric took last name of Homburger

3. Biography Tall, blond haired and blue eyed Referred to as “goy” (gentile) at his father’s temple while at school was referred to as a Jew Entertained fantasies of being son of “much better parents” who abandoned him.

4. Biography Entered art school against father’s wishes A time of identity crisis for him In 1927, invited to Vienna to work in a small school as an artist and tutor. Met Freud and his daughter Anna –Accepted in Freud’s circle not based on degree but based on his brilliance and insightfulness Met his wife in 1929 Moved to U.S. in 1933

5. Biography Worked with children. Later taught at Yale, University of California, Berkeley, and Harvard. –Never obtained a degree himself Changed name to Erikson when he became an American citizen Avid writer, many works centering on influence of culture on personality and analysis of historical figures Died in 1994

6. Theory Believed development was based not just on sexual drives but on social interactions –Biology determines when the stages occur Also that development occurred throughout the lifespan –First five stages are expansions of Freud’s

7. Theory Three interrelated aspects of the ego; –Body ego Understanding and acceptance of our body –Ego ideal Image we have of ourselves and our personalities –Ego identity Image of ourselves in the social roles we play

8. Theory Foundations Stages build on one another –Based on epigenetic principle Each stage consists of a crisis –Conflict between a syntonic (harmonious) and dystonic (disruptive) element Each crisis can be resolved positively or negatively –Positive strengthens ego –Negative weakens ego

9. Theory Foundations Resolution of stage influences how following stages are resolved Healthy resolution involves more positive than negative but includes both Can revisit stages throughout life based on circumstances with different results –Negative resolution needs revisiting

10. Theory Foundations Each stage includes personal and social ramifications: –Personal: A virtue (a basic ego strength) is gained if resolved more positively A core pathology (opposite of a virtue) is acquired if resolved more negatively –Social Ritualization –Patterns of behavior that reflect the beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors accepted by a society that serve to make life meaningful Ritualism –Inappropriate or false ritualizations that cause social pathology

11. Trust vs. Mistrust Virtue: Hope (Faith) Core pathology: Withdrawal Ritualization of the Numinous –Typical childrearing practices of mothers Ritualism of Idolism –Excessive admiration and idealization of mother

12. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Virtue: Will (Determination) Core Pathology: Compulsion Ritualization of Judiciousness –Learn difference in right and wrong, what is acceptable and unacceptable Ritualism of Legalism –Inflexible letter of the law attitude

13. Initiative vs. Guilt Virtue: Purpose (Courage) Core Pathology: Inhibition Ritualization of Authenticity –Trying on of roles to see what is possible or not, what fits and does not Ritualism of Impersonation –Becoming the role played instead of who one is

14. Industry vs. Inferiority Virtue: Competence Core Pathology: Inertia (regression) Ritualization of Formality –Learning appropriate ways of doing tasks Ritualism of Formalism –Over concern for technique rather than purpose

15. Identity vs. Role Confusion Virtue: Fidelity (Faith in one’s ideology) Core Pathology: Role repudiation (blocks ability to synthesize image) –Difffidence: lack of self trust or confidence resulting in shyness or hesitancy to express oneself –Defiance: rebellion against authority Ritualization of Ideology –Synthesizes all the previous identities of the previous stages –Gives direction to life Ritualism of Totalism –Over identification with and adoption of another's ideology –Blind submission

16. Identity Statuses Marcia’s 4 Identity Statuses –Based on crisis (conscious decision making) and commitment (personal commitment) Diffusion: confusion and little progress (no crisis or commitment) Foreclosure: status determined by parents / others, not personal exploration (commitment w/o crisis) Moratorium: Exploring alternatives but not settled on one (crisis w/o commitment) Achievement: Deliberately chosen identity (crisis w/ commitment)

17. Intimacy vs. Isolation Virtue: Love (Loyalty) Core Pathology: Exclusivity Ritualization of Affiliation –Productive affiliation with others in work, friendship and love –Based on successful achievement of identity Ritualism of Elitism –Connect only with a small exclusive group

18. Generativity vs. Stagnation Virtue: Care Core Pathology: Rejectivity Ritualization of Generationalism –Transmit cultural values to younger generation Ritualism of Authoritism –Use of power for selfish purpose

19. Integrity vs. Despair Virtue: Wisdom (“informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself”) Core Pathology: Disdain (“a reaction to feeling (and seeing others) in an increasing state of being finished, confused, helpless”) Ritualization of Integralism –Integration of all other ritualizations –Know culture will survive Ritualism of Sapientism –“The unwise pretense of being wise”