1. DNA microarrays Each spot contains a picomole of a DNA (10 -12 moles) sequence

2. With only a few exceptions, every cell of the body contains a full set of chromosomes and identical genes. Only a fraction of these genes are turned on, however, and it is the subset that is "expressed" that confers unique properties to each cell type.

3. "Gene expression" is the term used to describe the transcription of the information contained within the DNA, into messenger RNA (mRNA). Molecules are then translated into the proteins that perform most of the critical functions of cells.

4. We study the mRNA produced by a cell to learn which genes are expressed…

5. Microarrays allow scientists to analyze expression (the turning on of genes)of many genes in a single experiment quickly and efficiently.

6. This technology allows us to analyze the roles that specific genes play in disease.

7. researchers have identified a large number of genes within sequences. Since we know where they are… we can see if they are turned on

8. A microarray works by exploiting the ability of an mRNA molecule to bind specifically to, or hybridize to, the DNA template from which it originated. DNA

10. each spot on an array is associated with a particular gene. Many genes are arranged in a regular pattern

11. We can survey MANY genes, from one cell QUICKLY and at the same time

12. Now, consider two cells: cell type 1, a healthy cell, and cell type 2, a diseased cell. Both contain an identical set of four genes, A, B, C, and D. Scientists are interested in determining the expression profile of these four genes in the two cell types. Note: this is a merged image from both individual cells…

13. Now compare… Green = control cell “healthy” Red = diseased cell Yellow = simultaneous expression (which genes show up in both)Yellow = simultaneous expression (which genes show up in both)

14. you may conclude that both cell types express gene A at the same level, that cell 1 expresses more of gene B, that cell 2 expresses more of gene C, and that neither cell expresses gene D. Green = control cell Red = diseased cell Yellow = simultaneous expressionYellow = simultaneous expression Black = no expressionBlack = no expression

15. The color, & its intensity tells if the normal gene or the mutation is present in the control cell or the diseased cell Green = control cell Red = diseased cell Yellow = simultaneous expressionYellow = simultaneous expression Black = no expressionBlack = no expression

16. microarray-based gene expression profiling can be used to identify genes whose expression is changed in response to pathogens or other organisms by comparing gene expression in infected to that in uninfected cells or tissues.