1. Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4 th edition Margaret Schell Frazier Jeanette Wist Drzymkowski

2. Chapter 8 Diseases and Conditions of the Digestive System

3. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 The Digestive System

4. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 The Oral Cavity and Jaw Diseases and Conditions  Missing teeth: permanent teeth are missing  Dental caries (tooth decay): infection resulting in erosion of tooth surface  Gingivitis: inflammation and swelling of the gums  Gingivitis: inflammation and swelling of the gums

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6. 5 The Oral Cavity and Jaw (cont’d.) Diseases and Conditions  Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome: a symptom complex related to inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint

7. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 The Oral Cavity and Jaw (cont’d.) Diseases and Conditions  Herpes simplex (cold sores): a recurrent viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes.  Thrush: candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums.

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10. 9 Digestive Distress Signals  Hiccup  Indigestion  Heartburn  Nausea  Vomiting  Flatulence  Diarrhea  Constipation  Fecal incontinence

11. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Esophagitis: inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagus Esophageal cancer: cancer of the esophagus Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract

12. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): the clinical manifestations of regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus Barrett’s esophagus: severe consequence of GERD that replaces normal striated squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus with abnormal columnar epithelium Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

13. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Duodenal ulcers: ulcers of the first part of the small intestine Gastric ulcers: ulceration of the gastric mucosa of the stomach that follows chronic gastritis H. pylori Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

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15. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Acute Appendicitis  Inflammation of the appendix  Symptoms: begins with vague abdominal discomfort that localizes as pain in right lower quadrant of abdomen; nausea; vomiting; fever; diarrhea or constipation  Treatment: surgical removal

16. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Hiatal hernia: a defect in the diaphragm that permits segment of stomach to slide into thoracic cavity  Symptoms: heartburn, chest pain, swallowing difficulty; some cases asymptomatic Abdominal hernia: a condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall  Symptoms: lump or bulge; groin pain Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

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19. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Crohn disease (ileitis): chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract Ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and colon Gastroenteritis: acute inflammation of the stomach and intestines Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

20. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Intestinal Obstruction  Mechanical or functional blockage of intestines; contents cannot move forward  Severe pain, nausea, vomiting, bloated abdomen without passage of stool or gas  Sudden or severe onset requires urgent care  Treatment: surgery for mechanical blockage; NPO, stomach tube for functional blockage

21. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Diverticular Conditions  Diverticulosis: outpouches (diverticula) of mucosa penetrate weak points in muscular layer of large intestine Symptoms: mild discomfort, irregular bowels; may be asymptomatic  Diverticulitis: trapped fecal matter causes inflammation of diverticula Symptoms: fever, nausea, pain, changes in bowel function

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23. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Hemorrhoids  Varicose veins in rectum  Internal  Not painful  External  Painful  Can thrombose  Treatment

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25. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Colorectal cancer: a cancer that arises in any part of the colon or rectum  Symptoms: abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, bloody stools, weight loss, weakness, rectal bleeding, iron deficiency anemia  Treatment options: surgical resection; colostomy; chemotherapy; radiation Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

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28. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27 Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum that can be acute or chronic, local or generalized  Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weakness, sweating, fever, distended abdomen, paralytic ileus Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

29. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28 Viral hepatitis  Hepatitis A: highly contagious condition caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) causing mild, acute liver infection.  Hepatitis B: inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).  Hepatitis C: chronic condition caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting in gradual, insidious liver disease. Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

30. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29 Cholelithiasis (gallstones): condition in which there is abnormal presence of calculi that form in the bile. Pancreatitis: acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas with variable involvement of adjacent or remote organs. Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

31. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30 Cholecystitis  Symptoms: acute, colicky pain, nausea, and vomiting  Causes: obstruction of biliary duct by gallstones  Fat, forty, female, fertile  Treatment: dietary modification with elimination of fatty foods; in acute cases, intravenous feeding

32. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31 Pancreatitis  Symptoms: sudden onset of severe abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, and vomiting  Causes: alcoholism, biliary disease, gallstones  Treatment: Acute pancreatitis may require emergency treatment of intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement

33. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32 Obesity  Obesity is defined by Body Mass Index  The study of obesity is called Bariatrics  35% of adult Americans are obese; obesity can lead to severe health problems.  Treatment options include exercise and control of food intake through behavior modification.

34. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33 Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy): a disease of the small intestine characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and damage to the lining of the intestine Diseases of Nutrient Intake and Absorption (cont’d.)

35. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34 Celiac Disease  Symptoms: weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal distention  Causes: toxic or immunologic reaction to component of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and oats)  Treatment: gluten-free diet; if no improvement, corticosteroid drugs

36. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35  Food poisoning: an illness resulting from the ingestion of foods that contain bacterial or toxic substances Diseases of Nutrient Intake and Absorption (cont’d.)

37. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36 Food Poisoning  Symptoms: sudden nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea  Causes: poisoning from mushrooms, shellfish, contaminated foods  Treatment: nutritional support and fluid replacements

38. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37 Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa: psychological disturbance in which self-imposed starvation and compulsion to be thin leads to denial of hunger Bulimia: behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging