2. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

3. First Encounter 1492 Columbus sails the ocean blue. Looking for India he lands on what is now called the West Indies in Caribbean. Raped and pillaged the islands. Taking all resources back to Spain.

4. Columbus’ Four Voyages

5. European Explorations

6. Hernan Cortes The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Moctezuma II vs.vs.

7. Cortes vs. Moctezuma Hernan Cortes lands in Mexico 1519 with 600 men and 16 horses. Makes alliances with the natives who were unhappy with Aztec Rulers Attacks the city of Tenochititlan Is defeated by Montezuma and retreats

8. Tenochtitlan

9. Cortes vs. Moctezuma News spreads that Montezuma is killed in battle. Cortes regroups and attacks again in 1521 taking over the magnificent city. That today is Mexico City. Cortes inspires other Conquistadors in South America.

10. Tlaxcalan

11. The Death of Montezuma II

12. Mexico Surrenders to Cortes

13. PizarroPizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas AtahualpaAtahualpa vs.vs.

14. Pizarroo vs. Atahualpa Fransico Pizarroo with help from the natives took control of Peru. Atahualpa (new leader) was told to give over his empire and to accept Christianity. Atahualpa refused and was held for ransom. Ransom was paid and Atalhualpa was killed

15. How Did They Do It? Military Technology (Muskets, Cannons, and armor) Horses that freighted the natives. Division amongst the Indians. European disease statistic – Native population dropped 90% from 50 million to 4 million

16. Spanish Treatment of Cubans

17. VICEROYS Officials appointed to rule in The Americas Directed by the King of Spain

18. Bartolome de Las Casas A priest who sought to protect the Native Americans from European abuses Recommendation: replace American laborers with imported African slaves See page 80

20. The Colombian Exchange The trade of goods between the New World (The Americas) and the Old World (Europe & Africa) Bad things also were exchanged between the East and West. Diseases like small pox, measles, and influenza came to America and killed along with war 95% of natives.

21. The “Columbian Exchange”  Olive Oil  Birds  Peppers  Black Pepper  Chicken  Donkey  Turnips  Cabbage  Lettuce  Rabbit  Cotton  Rat  Olives  Coffee Bean  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  Sugar Cane  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  Horse  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs

22. The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Strawberry  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  Potato  Peanut  Tomato  Vanilla  Corn  Chocolate  Birds (Fowl)  Honey Bee  Bear  Sunflowers  Alpaca  Honeybee  Bison  Papaya  Guinea Pig  Muscles  Lama  Chilies  Shrimp  Crabs  Pecan

23. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

24. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

25. Slave Ship

26. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

27. African Captives Thrown Overboard

28. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

29. Sacrifice of the First- Born by Theodore de Bry

30. MercantilismMercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1. Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2. Establish a favorable balance of trade. 3. Get colonies.

31. Treasures from the Americas!

32. The Colonial Class System PeninsularesPeninsulares CreolesCreoles MestizosMestizosMulattosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

33. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

34. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

35. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas New Laws --> 1542

36. European Empires in the Americas