1. 1 Low Carbon Strategies for Business: Experience of the University of East Anglia UK academic lecture series 2008 Tokyo: 16 th June 2008 CRed Carbon Reduction N.K. Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук Energy Science Director CRed Project HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5 th October 2007

2. The twin critical issues facing us: Global Warming / Climate change need to reduce carbon emissions Energy Security recent high oil prices are a foretaste of what may happen demand is outstripping supply Are there conflicts between these issues? Experience of the University of East Anglia 2 Low Carbon Strategies for Business: Experience of the University of East Anglia

3. 3 Evidence of Climate Change 3

4. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Gas and Oil Production - ASPO projection 2004 Billion barrels of oil a year 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 Oil and Gas on Earth are running out 4

5. Comparison of Discoveries and Demand We need to consider alternatives now 5

6. 6 UK Gas Production and Demand Import Gap

7. 7 (Source: Prof. Bill McGuire, University College London) Norwich Consequence of ~ 1m rise Consequence of ~ 6m rise Norwich City would be playing water polo!

8. 2003 Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region –Nasa satellite imagery 8 1979 Climate Change Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html 20% reduction in 24 years

9. 9 Per capita Carbon Emissions Japan UK How do UK and Japan compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO 2 than others? What is the magnitude of the CO 2 problem?

10. 10 Carbon Emissions and GDP Japan Libya Russia USA China Turkey India Norway France UK Sweden Switzerland Denmark Germany Netherlands Greece Italy

11. 11 Carbon Emissions and Electricity

12. 12 Luxembourg UK Japan China Carbon Emissions and Electricity

13. Comparison of Japanese and UK Electricity Mix 13 Japan UK

14. r 14 Electricity Generation i n selected Countries

15. 15 Low Carbon Strategies for Business: Experience of the University of East Anglia What prospects are there for the future? Reduce existing fossil fuel energy use by: Awareness Raising Good Management Improvements in energy efficiency technology Renewable Energy Offsets Experience of the University of East Anglia in Addressing these Issues

16. Original buildings Library Student residences Teaching wall

17. Nelson Court Constable Terrace

18. 18 Constable Terrace - 1993 Four Storey Student Residence Divided into “houses” of 10 units each with en-suite facilities Heat Recovery of body and cooking heat ~ 50%. Insulation standards exceed 2006 standards Small 250 W panel heaters in individual rooms.

19. Low Energy Educational Buildings Nursing and Midwifery School Elizabeth Fry Building ZICER Medical School Medical School Phase 2

20. 20 The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 8 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

21. 21 Conservation: management improvements – Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. thermal comfort +28% User Satisfaction noise +26% lighting +25% air quality +36% A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

22. 22 ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

23. 23 The ZICER Building - Description Four storeys high and a basement Total floor area of 2860 sq.m Two construction types Main part of the building High in thermal mass Air tight High insulation standards Triple glazing with low emissivity Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

24. 24 The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

25. Incoming air into the AHU Regenerative heat exchanger Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts.

26. Air enters the internal occupied space Filter Heater Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs Operation of Main Building

27. Return stale air is extracted Return air passes through the heat exchanger Out of the building Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Space for future chilling

28. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat Winter Day Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Warm air

29. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room Winter Night In late afternoon heating is turned off. Cool air

30. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day Summer night night ventilation/ free cooling Cold air

31. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air- conditioning Summer day Warm air

32. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

33. 33 As Built 209441GJ Air Conditioned 384967GJ Naturally Ventilated 221508GJ Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER as built compared to other heating/cooling strategies Materials Production Materials Transport On site construction energy Workforce Transport Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy Functional Energy Refurbishment Energy Demolition Energy 28% 54% 34% 51% 61% 29%

34. 34 Comparison of Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year. Comparisons assume identical size, shape and orientation

35. 35 Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV Windows are semi transparent Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor

36. 36 Load factors Façade (kWh) Roof (kWh) Total (kWh) 200426501940122051 200528401980922649 Output per unit area Little difference between orientations in winter months Performance of PV cells on ZICER WinterSummer Façade2%~8% Roof2%15%

37. 37 All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation The three arrays on the façade respond differently Performance of PV cells on ZICER - January Radiation is shown as percentage of mid-day maximum to highlight passage of clouds

38. 120 150 180 210 240 Orientation relative to True North

40. 40 Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.

41. 41 Use of PV generated energy Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach Peak output is 34 kW

42. 42 Actual Situation excluding Grant Actual Situation with Grant Discount rate 3%5%7%3%5%7% Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 1.291.581.880.841.021.22 Avoided cost exc. the Grant Avoided Costs with Grant Discount rate 3%5%7%3%5%7% Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 0.570.700.830.120.140.16 Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000 Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity

43. 43 Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat GAS Engine heat Exchanger Exhaust Heat Exchanger 11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses 86% efficient Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP 61% Flue Losses 36% efficient

44. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

45. 45 Conversion efficiency improvements 1997/98 electricitygas oilTotal MWh198953514833 Emission factorkg/kWh0.460.1860.277 Carbon dioxideTonnes91526538915699 ElectricityHeat 1999/ 2000 Total site CHP generation exportimportboilersCHPoiltotal MWh204371563097757831451028263923 Emission factor kg/kWh -0.460.460.186 0.277 CO 2 Tonnes -44926602699525725610422 Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

46. 46 Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

47. 47 Conversion Efficiency Improvements Condenser Evaporator Throttle Valve Heat rejected Heat extracted for cooling Normal Chilling Compressor 19 High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure

48. 48 Condenser Evaporator Throttle Valve Heat rejected Heat extracted for cooling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat from external source Absorber Desorber Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 Adsorption Chilling 19 Conversion Efficiency Improvements

49. 49 A 1 MW Adsorption chiller Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer Will reduce electricity demand in summer Will increase electricity generated locally Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

50. The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing. New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe, and 2MWth Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant Under 7 year payback rom waste wood and local sustainable sourcesLocal wood fuel from waste wood and local sustainable sources Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%

52. 52 Comparison of Carbon Emissions from Heating & Hot Water

53. 53 Reduction with biomass Reducing Carbon Emissions at the University of East Anglia Reduction with biomass When completed the biomass station will reduce total emissions by 32% compared to 2006 and 24.5% compared to 1990

54. 54 Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

55. 55 Managing the Climate Dimension Heating requirements are ~10+% less than in 1960 Cooling requirements are 75% higher than in 1960. Changing norm for clothing from a business suite to shirt and tie will reduce “clo” value from 1.0 to ~ 0.6. To a safari suite ~ 0.5. Equivalent thermal comfort can be achieved with around 0.15 to 0.2 change in “clo” for each 1 o C change in internal environment. Thermal Comfort is important: Even in ideal environment 2.5% of people will be too cold and 2.5% will be too hot. Estimate heating and cooling requirements from Degree Days Index 1960 = 100 Data for UK

56. 56 A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business 4.Renewable Energy 5.Offsetting Green Tariffs 3.Technical Measures 1.Awareness 2.Management

57. 57 How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO 2 looks like? 5 hot air balloons per person per year. In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person On average each person in UK and also Japan causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO 2 each year. "Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little." Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

58. 58 Raising Awareness A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO 2. 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. Standby on electrical appliances 60+ kWh a year - 3000 balloons at a cost of over £6 per year Filling up with petrol (~£50 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour in Northern Japan or UK? 2.6 km At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

59. 59 www.cred-uk.org Website is also available in Chinese, but not yet Japanese

60. 60 World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management First cohort January 2008 A partnership between The Norwich Business School and the 5** school of Environmental Sciences Sharing the Expertise of the University

61. 61 CRed Birmingham Carbon Reduction CRed North Carolina Carbon Reduction CRed Japan? Carbon Reduction CRed Shanghai Carbon Reduction CRed Chester Carbon Reduction CRed Australia Carbon Reduction Elsewhere Overseas In the Future CRed Fylde Carbon Reduction

62. 62 Conclusions (1) Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years. Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important. Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more. Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value. Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally. Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP Wind Turbines?

63. 63 Conclusions (2) Climate Change and Energy Security are important issues Effective strategies are needed to explore integrated approaches involving Awareness raising Improvement s in Management Improvements in Energy Efficiency Deployment of Renewable Energy Finally, when all other things have been achieved, Offsetting Offsetting should not be used as the first choice. Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

64. 64 WEBSITE cred-uk.org/ Follow Academic Links This presentation will appear from 19 th June Also a PDF version of the Paper Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation k.tovey@uea.ac.uk Acknowledgement Charlotte Turner Low Carbon Strategies for Business: Experience of the University of East Anglia UK academic lecture series 2008 Tokyo: 16 th June 2008