1. 1 Organizational Behavior Taught by PHANN SOPHON Master of Science (AIT)

2. 2 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

3. 3 Define organizational behavior What is organization? Organization is a group of people working to achieve an objective (s). What is behavior? Behavior is what people do, feel and say. What is organizational behavior? OB is the study of what people think, feel and do in and around organization.

4. 4 How many levels of behaviors?  Individual behavior  Group behavior Individual behavior consists of the things one people do, feel and say as he/she interact. Group behavior consists of the things two or more people do, feel and say as they interact.

5. 5 Why study OB? Organizational Behavior Research Influence Organizational Events Understand Organizational Events Predict Organization Events

6. 6 What is human relation? HR means interactions among people. What is performance? is the extent to which expectations or objectives have been met.

7. 7 There are generally nine guidelines to develop human relation: 1.Be optimistic: open heart and think of the right thing. Don’t treat people bad at the first impression. 2.Be positive: praise and encourage people, People generally don’t like to listen to others complain. 3.Be truly interested in other people: Look at people’s face, use your eyes contact. 4.Smile and develop a sense of humor: A smile shows interest and caring. How to develop Human Relation?

8. 8 5.Call people by name: A person’s name is the most important sound in any language. 6.Listen to people: We learn more my listening then we do by talking. 7.Help others: If you want to help yourself, you can only do so by helping others. 8.Think before act: Use good manners. Good manners are those personal qualities that make life at work more enjoyable. 9. Create win-win situation: The best way to get what you want is to help other to get what they want and vice versa.

9. CHAPTER 2 PERSONALITY, INTELLIGENCE AND PERCEPTION 9

10. 10 PERSONALITY What is personality? is a relatively stable set of traits (behavior +attitude) that aids in explaining and predicting individual behavior. Types of personality 1- Type A, Type B: the type A personality is characterized as fast moving, hard driving, time conscious, competitive, impatient, and preoccupied with work. The Type B personality is the opposite of type A. 2- Feeling, Thinking: Feeling-type individuals are aware of people and their feeling. They like harmony need occasional praise, dislike telling people unpleasant things, tend to be sympathetic. Thinking type individuals are unemotional and uninterested in people’s feeling. 3- Doing, Observing: Some people enjoy getting actively involved and participating, while others prefer to observe.

11. 11 5- Introverted, Extroverted: Introverted personality is shy and withdraw, whereas the extroverted personality is outgoing, often aggressive, and dominant. 6- Sensation, Intuitive: The sensation-type individual likes established routines, usually works all the way through to reach a conclusion, shows patience with routine details, and tend to be good at precision work. Sensation-type dislikes new problem unless there are standard ways to resolve them. Intuitive-type dislikes doing the same things over and over again, jumps to conclusion, is impatient with routine details, and dislikes taking time for precision. Intuitive types enjoy resolving new problems. 7- Internalizer, Externalizer: Internalizer-type, the greater is your belief that you are in control of your destiny. Externalizer-type, the greater is your belief that you are controlled by external sources such as fate, chance, other people, or environmental situations.

12. 12 Personality and stress What is stress? Stress is an emotional and/or physical reaction to environmental activities and events. What are stressors? are situation in which people feel anxiety, tension and pressure. Causes of stress there are four common stressors related to work: personality type, organizational climate, management of behavior, and the degree of job satisfaction.

13. 13 Sign of stress  Increase in the rate of breathing and amounts of perspiration.  Look at the clock and/or calendar and feel pressured and fear that you will not meet a deadline, you will be experiencing stress.  Stress lead to disillusionment, irritableness, headaches and other body tension, the feeling of exhaustion, and stomach problem. Controlling stress  Identify stress, what stress?  Determine their causes and consequences  Plan to eliminate and decrease the stress

14. 14 INTELLIGENCE What is intelligence? is the level of one’s capacity for new learning, problem solving, and decision making. How to develop intelligence?  Most people’s intelligence is developed by the time they enter the work force.  Some psychologists have argued that intelligence is genetically determined and exists at birth.  Other psychologist have argued that intelligence is determined by external environment, people brought up in a rich environment – a home where learning is encouraged and readily available, good schools..and so on.

15. 15 PERCEPTION What is perception? Refers to a person’s interpretation of reality. Perception is influenced by heredity, environment, and more specifically by your personality, intelligence, needs, self-concept, attitude and values. How perception affect behavior, human relations, and performance? Needs and perceptions are the starting point of your behavior. Through the perception process we select, organize and interpret information as the basis of our behavior. Our perception can lead to different behavior.

16. 16 For example: If an employee perceives the manager is giving a legitimate order, he or she will carry it out. However, if the order is not perceived as legitimate, the employee may refuse to carry out the order. Students who perceive grades as a valued reward for studying hard tend to be motivated to study harder than students who do not.

17. CHAPTER 3 DIVERSITY IN ATTITUDES, SELF-CONCEPT, AND VALUES 17

18. 18 Diversity in attitudes, self- concept, and values Define attitudes Attitudes and Job Satisfaction Self-concept Values

19. 19 What is an attitude? An attitude is a strong belief or feeling toward people, things and situations. People interpret our attitudes by our behavior, For example: if you make a face behind your boss’s or instructor's back, peers will assume you have negative attitude toward him or her. Are attitudes important? Attitudes are definitely important. Employers generally place more emphasis on attitude than on academic grades. J.W. Marriott, Jr., president of Marriott Corporation, stated, “ we have found that our success depends more upn employee attitude than any other single factor.”

20. 20 How we acquire attitudes Attitudes are primarily developed through experiences. As people develop from chilhood to adulhood, they interact with parents, family, teachers, and friends. From all these people, they learn what is right and wrong and how to behave. Management attitudes Theory X attitudes hold that employees dislike work and must closely supervised to get them to do their work. Theory Y attitudes hold that employees like to work and do not need to be closely supervised to get them to do their work.

21. 21 Changing your attitudes 1- Be aware of your attitudes. People who are optimistic have higher levels of job satisfaction. Consciously try to have and maintain a positive attitude. If you catch yourself complaining or being negative in many way, stop and change to a positive attitude. With time you can become more positive 2- Think for yourself. Develop your own attitudes based on other’s input; don’t simply copy others’ attitudes. 3- Realize that there are few, if any, benefits to harboring negative attitudes. Negative attitudes, like holding a grudge, can only heart your human relations, and hurt yourself in the end, and it’s stressful. 4- Keep an open mind. Listen to other people’s input. Use it to develop your positive attitudes.

22. 22 Shaping and changing employee attitudes It is difficult to change your own attitudes; it is even more difficult to change other people’s attitudes. But it can be done: 1- Give employee feedback. Employees must be made aware of their negative attitudes if they are to change. The manager must talk to the employee about the negative attitudes. 2- Accentuate positive condition. Employees tend to have positive attitudes toward the things they do well. Make working conditions as pleasant as possible; make sure employees have all the necessary resources and training to do a good job.

23. 23 3- Provide consequences. Employees tend to repeat activities or events followed by negative consequence. Encourage and reward employees with positive attitudes. Try to keep attitudes from developing and spreading. 4- Be a positive role model. If the manager has a positive attitude, employees may too.

24. 24 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction What is job satisfaction? Job satisfaction is a set of attitudes toward work. Job satisfaction is what most employees want from their jobs, even more than they want job security or higher pay. Determinants of job satisfaction 1- Satisfaction with the work itself. Whether a person enjoys performing the work itself has a major effect on overall job satisfaction. 2- Pay. A person’s satisfaction with the pay received affects overall job satisfaction. Employees who are dissatisfied with their pay may not perform to their potential.

25. 25 3- Growth and upward mobility. Whether a person is satisfied with the personal or company growth and potential for upward mobility may affect job satisfaction. 4- Supervision. Whether a person is satisfied with the supervision received affect overall job satisfaction. 5- Co-workers. Whether a person is satisfied with the human relation with coworkers affects overall job satisfaction. 6- Attitude toward work. The first five determinants are all external to the individual. Our attitude toward work in general, however, is internal.

26. 26 Self-concept What is self-concept? self-concept is your overall attitude about yourself. Self-concept is also called self-esteem and self- image. Self-concept can thought of on a continuum from positive to negative or high to low. Building a positive self-concept 1- View mistakes as learning experience. 2- Accept failure and bounce back. 3- Control negative behavior and thoughts. 4- Use any religious or spiritual beliefs you have that can help you develop a more positive self-concept.

27. 27 Three-part action plan for building a positive self- concept  Step 1. Identify your strengths and areas that need improvement. What are the things about yourself that you like? What can you do well? What do you have to offer other people and organization?  Step 2. Set goals and visualize them. Before you can get anywhere or get anything out of life, you must first determine where you want to go or what you want.  Step 3. Develop a plan and implement it. Ex. If you want to lose weight to get down to 45 Kg, you will have to do more than just imagine yourself being 45 Kg. What will be your plan to lose the weight? Exercise? Diet?

28. 28 Values What is value? a person’s value are the thing that have worth for or are important to the individual. How value help you? values help shape your attitudes. When something is of value to you, you tend to have positive attitude towards it. Values do not necessarily affect behavior, but values do have an influence on attitudes. Value is not only with the home, but also within the workplace that a general decline of value may perceived.

29. 29 Thank you!